How to make paper handmade home by Vintage Paper Co
The paper is a fantastic material suitable for many uses, including manufacturing notebooks, books, calendars and magazines, wrapping gifts and packaging products in paper stores is widely used in offices writing, document printing and copying at home, using clean paper, dry things, and for many other purposes in short, the paper is one of the most versatile and common products modern societies in this article, I will describe how to make paper samples and i will describe the theme of recycling raw materials.
The paper is so essential to writing that we could not do without, and yet it was not invented until several millennia after the invention of writing So what people write on before the invention of paper tens of thousands of years, the primitive humans began drawing scenes of graffiti and paint hunting on rocks and cave walls they also carved notches on sticks, shells, bones and stones It seems they used those signs to count things like days, lunar months and the animals they BRED from these early paintings and sculptures begins the path that will lead to writing, but also history of materials used for writing starts here It is these factors that I will discuss in this section.
CLAY TABLETS Writing was invented there are about 5500 years ago by the Sumerians, a people devoted to agriculture who lived in ancient Mesopotamia as a means of their texts, Sumerians used clay tablets Clay is basically mud and their floodplains they had plenty of it with clay, they prepared tablets in which they etched pictures or symbols as long as the tablets were still wet and soft enough such tablets were then left to dry for the engraved signs can be stored for long First Sumerians and Babylonians and Assyrians used these tablets primarily for administrative purposes and rating of agricultural products delivered to warehouses near tablets temples are often stored on wooden shelves the only possible danger would have been the water that could ruin the tablets against, if i ncendie were to break, the clay tablets would undergo a kitchen that would transform the clay, a waterproof material and can last for thousands of years because of fires ac cidents or war sometimes struck archives these ancient people allowed thousands of cuneiform tablets to keep until modern times their deciphering by archaeologists gives us important information about ancient civilizations that produced them.
PAPYRUS Shortly after the Sumerians, the ancient Egyptians developed their own writing they took some of their symbols of the Sumerians, but also invented many other symbols, including an original script of their own Egyptian writing was prevalently used for sacred purposes and festive; For this, it has come to be known as the sacred hieroglyphics carved or painted Egyptian writings on the walls of the temple of stone and wooden sarcophagi One of the most important inventions of the Egyptians was the papyrus, a medium that starts to have a certain similarity with the paper Papyrus takes its name from the plant from which it was obtained this plant is rooted in water and develops into a long cylindrical rod which terminates in a tuft of leaves long and narrow of the spongy stem of this plant, extract Egyptian thin strips that placed side by side, partially overlapping them subsequently, in the first layer of strips is superposed a second layer, placing the strips transversely to those following natural adhesives in tissues of this plant assured adhesion of other sheets strips were often acco lé to the first sheet, made of strips that could even be several meters long and came rolling in volumes to improve the possibility of using this surface for writing, Egyptians beat, scraped and smoothed papyri during production Egyptian scribes wrote on papyrus using brushes and ink pictures of the manufacture of papyrus.
PARCHMENT ancient Egyptians produced many papyrus, part of which has been retained for their own use and the rest to be sold throughout the Mediterranean region among their best customers were the ancient Greeks and Romans Unfortunately, because of political crises and economic that hit Egyptian society over the last few centuries before Christ, decreased papyrus production product prices rose and it became necessary to find a replacement in the city of Pergamum, people began to use sheepskin as writing means from a single skin, one could get several sheets it was possible to separate several layers of skin to make them suitable for writing, the skin has to be adequately prepared to meet this objective, the leaves were scraped to remove fat and flesh, and then dried on the frames that maintenaie nt tight final PRODUCT parchment, a very suitable material for writing that has come to be used in Europe throughout the Middle Ages, until the introduction of paper An old parchment could be scraped from the previous writing and could be reused this way, however, many Greek and Roman authors works were lost.
PAPER According to the Chinese, the paper was invented in 105 AD by Emperor's official, but recent archaeological discoveries have shown that the paper was already used in China at least 200 years ago the Chinese were using large amounts of paper made from cloths and plant fibers extracted from hemp, bamboo, mulberry, willow, etc. They also used paper to make fans, hats, clothing and other everyday objects paper was introduced and spread in many countries is by Buddhist monks.
In 751 AD, after a war of thirty one year, the Arabs defeated the Chinese in battle Among the prisoners were the paper mill workers who taught the technique of papermaking to the Arabs Soon after, Samarkand became an important center of production of paper as raw materials, the Arabs were using flax and hemp rags centuries later, the art of making paper came to Egypt and Morocco, and from there Spain the first Spanish paper factory was opened in 1009.
In 1250, Italy became the largest producer of paper, which came to be exported to many European countries to make it less absorbent, Arabs used vegetable derived adhesives, but such paper is susceptible to mold and deteriorated quickly using glues derived animals, Italians greatly improved paper quality and duration could be several centuries in fact, we now know that paper documents are still in good condition after more than 700 years of production an important manufacturing center of the Italian Fabriano paper was where the watermark was invented after three centuries the manufacturing diffusion technique paper from Italy throughout Europe and the Americas.
At first the Arabs and Europeans made the scraps of paper Over time, the demand for paper has increased rapidly, so that after a while, the rags were not enough looking for a substitute for rags in 1719 a French, who had observed wasps while building their nests, trying to suggest wood papermaking tests that were carried out were a success and since then, wood has become the main raw material for production of paper.
To separate cellulose individual fibers from each other, rags and wood were placed in mortars and beaten with heavy hammers operated by waterwheels When the fiber blend was prepared, workers poured into full vats water they then immersed special sieve in the tanks and extracts of collecting a part of the fiber suspension during the extraction, displaced workers the sieve in order to make uniform fiber layer then, they allow of drain water, and they put the fiber layer on a felt sheet was placed on a pile of other leaves and pieces of felt This stack was pressed to push the water away Finally, the sheet paper was allowed to dry.
In early 1800, the French and the English began to build machines for the perpetual production of paper paper machines were equipped with a screen long as a moving belt which collected a continuous layer fibers of the suspension during its stroke, the paper strip training course glue, mineral additives, and other substances added to it; then it is squeezed of excess water, dried and rolled Finally, it is collected in large rolls and sent to factories that run in newspapers, laptops, and other products Paper Manufacturing in hand is still practiced to produce precious leaves or artistic purposes, but it represents a very small amount of paper produced in the world.
Modern paper is produced mainly from wood and consists of numerous cellulose fibers which are held together by the adhesive paper can undergo special treatment to make it suitable for any intended use Take for example the paper used for drawing and watercolor, which must have a specific thickness, a certain roughness and a certain absorption capacity, etc. it is also possible to make paper without adding the glue, but the result is a highly absorbent paper to make it suitable for writing or printing, it is necessary to lower the absorption of the ink, otherwise spread thereto, the paper is adhered, which is his, animal or synthetic glues are added to produce the less porous paper, more compact and more bright, it is coated with coating is to add very fine powders mineral such as kaolin, calcium carbonate, talc, fossil flour, and a suitable adhesive such as casein or other types of glue the sheet passes through rollers which press with a calendering strength and my co on luminous.
Often, people use tissues or paper towels to clean the lenses of glasses or cameras, but the presence of mineral powders make ordinary paper products unsuitable for this purpose Actually, when the friction on delicate optical surfaces these mineral particles cause microscopic ridges that ruin the quality of the lens to clean the lenses, you can use special paper products produced specifically for this function, composed solely of pure cellulose.
Unfortunately, some modern paper manufacturing process significantly reduces the life of the paper, which in a few years, tends to yellow and weaken processes exist that produce instead of paper capable of lasting centuries, keeping in very good state.
The importance of the invention of paper can be better understood if people think that before his arrival to a parchment book, dozens or hundreds of skins were necessary due to the thickness uniformity the paper made possible the invention of the printing press Before the invention of the printing press, books were to be written by hand Together, these innovations drastically reduced the cost of books and has contributed to the dissemination of culture worldwide.
Let's move on to the part of the experience of this article Now you understand that to make a sheet of paper, you must first obtain a suspension of water cellulose fibers Get these fibers of a trunk is possible but it would take too much time and effort, therefore, we will use the newspapers, which makes it easier to extract the fibers in this way, we will also experiment with the possibility of recycling paper.
- wooden frame - sieve 1 mm available in a hardware store - sheets of formica - large enough rectangular bowl container to accommodate the frame - mortar and pestle - jug - hairdryer - log - green and dried grass optional - optional flowers - flat sponge - water.
The presence of green and brown plant fiber grass will give your sheets a charm too, adding petals help make the most beautiful sheets You can even use the paper you'll actually write a letter.
The paper you use this procedure number 10 will be bright on one side and opaque on the other The good side is more suitable for writing this paper is very permeable with ink, but it is possible to write on using a ballpoint pen If you want to reduce the absorbency of the paper you have done, soak it in a solution of water and gelatin and let it dry again.
As you have seen, the paper consists of cellulose fibers held together by glue or even by hand using special machines, it is possible to separate the paper fibers apart and reused for in the new paper industrial process recycling of printed paper deinking treatment is often performed to enlighten.
What paper recycling means, as you know, to produce paper, it is necessary to cut the trees In view of the large amount of paper used in the world about 300 million tons, whole annually forests are cut down what constitutes a disturbance of nature Moreover, when the paper is no longer needed, it is often dumped in landfills, but some also ends in the environment, contributing to the pollution recycling paper means reducing both the number of felled trees and pollution to the figure of the environment 11.
Why do we use the term recycling Usually to make paper we cut the trees and after using it, we throw As Figure 11 shows, corresponding to a linear movement of the forest to the landfill If instead we also use already used paper to make new paper, rather than going into landfills, paper returns again on the market with reference to Figure 11, which corresponds to a circular motion, in which part of the declarations of paper used for paper mills and new on the market this circular movement can be repeated several times and can be applied to other materials, collecting the important advantage of reducing such damage to nature caused by our activities.
Other than paper, is it possible to recycle other materials Absolutely You can recycle glass, metal, plastic, cloth, clothing, packaging materials, car batteries, motor oil, tires, waste organic, water, and other materials While not for recycling, but for controlled removal, pharmaceuticals, batteries, paint, plaster and other waste which, if left in the environment, lead pollution are also collected.
Glass recycling the glass is produced by high temperature fusing sand in turn, the glass articles can be melted again and formed into new products bottles and jars carried out at temperatures between 800 and 1500 C soften and then melt at this point, the material is homogenized by stirring, is refined, and is often bleached It can then be used to make new glass products glass recycling is very beneficial in terms of energy conservation.
In addition to recycling, we must also consider product reuse certain types of bottles and other glass containers can be washed and reused dozens of times The bottle deposit system is very environmentally In fact, the reuse articles is more efficient in energy terms than recycling Knowing how to use the products without ruining the means to extend their life and reducing the need to buy new.
METAL Metal RECYCLING is produced by causing certain minerals at elevated temperatures and adding melting materials, deoxidizing materials, etc. To be recycled, the metal must be collected and separated by type of steel, cast iron, copper alloys , aluminum alloys.
The molten aluminum alloy around 550-650 C depending on the alloy from the normal production of aluminum from bauxite requires large amounts of electric power, the recovery of that metal is particularly important.
Copper is widely used in the manufacture of copper alloys electric son are widely used in factories The main copper alloys are tin bronze copper and brass, copper, copper zinc melts at 1083 C, bronze between 900 e 1000 C , brass and about 900 C copper global reserves become exhausted, the important recycling this material.
In metallurgy, there are chemical elemental iron steel which is an alloy compound of iron and other elements cast iron has a higher carbon content than steel when burned in furnaces for the production of steel, carbon releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and pollutes the atmosphere in steel melts at about 1500 C, is inexpensive and are not particularly rare, but collection and scrap processed is nevertheless useful because it reduces the need to extract iron ore and the amount of carbon needed to produce new steel due to the presence of nickel in their alloy, austenitic stainless steel is expensive and recycling , it is important.
PLASTIC RECYCLING plastic is derived from the oil and is quite expensive and its production process are often polluting break Many plastics very slowly and when they are found in the environment, they pollute long many dolphins and whales die because plastic bags brought to the sea by the wind they end up swallowing plastic recycling is important for economic reasons, energy conservation, and reduce environmental pollution in the market, there many different types of plastic such as polyethylene, PVC, polystyrene, polypropylene, etc. to recycle efficiently, they could be separated by type of polymer Unfortunately, this is difficult to do, and for the moment we are limited to an unsorted collection of some types of plastic.
All plastics can be recycled by pyrolysis Pyrolysis method consists in plastic at a temperature of 500 C in the absence of oxygen at this temperature, the plastic decomposes, producing gases which may be used to a new plastic or can be engraved in order to create electrical energy.
MATERIALS RECYCLING ORGANIC food scraps, grass clippings, small pruned branches, leaves, etc. are easily broken down by bacteria, earthworms and other small organisms at the end of this process, we end up with a very soil fertile, called compost to use agriculture to facilitate their transformation into compost, organic waste is collected in appropriate containers composters where they undergo organic processing described above the recovery of organic waste is important because it is quite bulky and becomes quite expensive for the normal elimination of most, if thrown into dumpsters, food scraps would dirty any other recyclable items in bins making these less easily separable items and return organics collection or even farmland your own backyard composting makes the soil more f ertile and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers.
WATER RECYCLING water sewerage and drainage tiles can be purified and reused One of the purification processes is to run water in lakes or special treatment plants, where the substances organic present therein are used as food by bacteria and other microorganisms at the end of the process, these substances are converted into sludge which settles at the bottom passes through the sand and other procedures complete the purification of the water, which can still be done often drink, the resulting slurry can be used in agriculture as fertilizer as most of runoff from industrial processes can be purified.
The recycling of raw materials is important for reducing environmentally harmful alterations produced by human activities by recycling raw materials, we collect a smaller amount of raw material nature and reducing the amount of waste milestones in recycling raw materials include sorting at home and in the office and garbage collection sorted by garbage collection sorted, materials that before were only throwaways that were used to pollute the environment have become more of a resource economic Today, an industry for the recycling of raw materials is rising companies that specialize in online advertising and sale of industrial waste that can be useful to other companies were also born.
The analysis of the product life cycle or life cycle assessment or analysis of LCA life cycle is an evaluation of the influence of the products on the environment environmental impact, calculated from their creating at their disposal consideration of the life cycle of a product means the analysis of the materials used to produce it, the method of extraction of raw materials, the manufacturing process used, how it is marketed, how and for how long it is used and how it is disposed of analysis of the life cycle is calculated by reference to the environment, given the way the environment is changed at each stage of the life of the product of this analysis, we can get to valid guidelines on reducing the collection of raw materials from the environment and subsequently to better recycle this analysis can also suggest materials to use and extraction process, manufacture, use and disposal are more sustainable in terms of eco-design environment subject to LCA can also be activities and services, such as sanitation , postal services, and of course many other activities that do not produce tangible products, but offer benefits also important.
In this article, you saw how paper is made and how it is possible to produce beautiful sheets of paper at home with little cost and limited equipment Papermaking with your own hands is without probably an interesting activity is also fascinating to know that the paper we use is casually the result of a long journey, there are thousands of years began when our ancestors took to draw graffiti and paintings on rocks rocks, we spent clay tablets and papyrus, parchment, and only at the end, the paper As said, the paper is a fantastic material, very useful and ubiquitous in our society the the recent advent of computers seems to question the existence of paper, which, according to some, is destined to disappear.
At present, several years have passed since we entered the computer age more and more we read documents on screen instead of paper documents We record on media such as disks, but the use of paper did not give up and perhaps hasn t even paper continues to decrease part of our lives and many of us still prefer reading books on paper rather than on a screen, we can turn the pages a book with a simple gesture; we can make a book reading a book us on a monitor is not as comfortable and our eyes get tired quickly Moreover, reading a book on a screen strengths of our body in a stationary position against-nature, after a while we tires.
Electronic devices dedicated to reading books, newspapers and other documents on a flat screen appears These devices allow you to read a page at the time and move on to the next page by pressing a button These products are designed to imitate regular books, but he does not know yet if the same success on the horizon, we see books, magazines and plastic sheets in newspapers electroluminescent who will receive the new Internet.
The computing environment on which people write or draw is intangible, or rather, it is composed of different types of disks; but on these discs, we can not see anything, and to read them, it is necessary to insert them into a suitable reader the material on which the documents are stored perishable According to experts, in a few dozen years, our magnetic or optical media will be unreadable is a real shame for such a complex technology than ours not even bear comparison in durability to cuneiform tablets that retain information for more than 5000 years.
In this article, you saw how paper recycling is possible and useful, and from there we moved on to discuss the recycling of other materials You might have also realized just how useful and important recycling in reducing collection raw materials of nature and reduce environmental pollution While scientists are studying new methods of recycling and many companies analyze the life of products to reduce their environmental impact, companies are transforming waste resources are booming the world is changing and I am convinced that the paper will survive the computer age beautifully, and most likely, the paper will stay with us for a long time to come.
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