BMW recycling
The three arrows chasing international recycling logo Sometimes it is accompanied by the text reduce, reuse and recycle.
Recycling is the waste conversion process new materials and objects is an alternative to conventional waste disposal that can save material aid and emissions of greenhouse gas lower compared to the production of plastics , 1 2 example recycling can prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, thus reducing energy consumption, air pollution from incineration, and pollution water discharge.
Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the Reduce, Reuse, Recycle waste hierarchy.
There are ISO standards for recycling such as ISO 15270 2008 for plastics waste and ISO 14001 2004 for control of the environmental management of recycling practices.
Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper and cardboard, metal, plastic, textiles, tires and electronic composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste such as food or garden waste is also considered the 2 recycling materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection point or taken to the collection, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials for manufacturing.
In a strict sense, recycling of a material would produce a fresh supply of the same material, for example, used office paper would be converted into new office paper, or used foamed polystyrene into new polystyrene an However, this is often difficult or too expensive compared to production the same product from raw materials or other sources, so that the recycling of many products or materials involves their reuse in producing different materials, for example, instead of cardboard another form of recycling is the salvage of certain materials from complex products, either due to their intrinsic value such as lead from car batteries, or gold from circuit boards, or because of their dangerous nature, for example the removal and reuse of mercury in thermometers and thermostats.
Recycling is a common practice for most of human history, with recorded advocates as far back as Plato in 400 BC During periods when resources are scarce and hard to find, archaeological studies landfills old waste show less household waste such as ash, broken tools, and pottery involving more waste was recycled in the absence of new material 3.
In pre-industrial times, there is evidence of Bronze scrap and other metals being collected in Europe and melted to a perpetual re-4 Paper recycling was recorded in 1031 when the Japanese stores have sold the paper disintegrated May 6 in Britain dust and ash from wood and coal fires was collected by garbage collectors and downcycled as base material used in brick making the main driver for these types of recycling was the economic advantage of obtaining recycled raw materials instead of acquiring virgin material, as well as a lack of public waste removal in ever more densely populated areas 3 in 1813, Benjamin Law developed the woolen rags transformation process shoddy and mungo in Batley, Yorkshire This material combined recycled fibers with virgin wool industry's bad q uality West Yorkshire in cities such as Batley and Dewsbury lasted from the early 19th century at least 1914.
Industrialization spurred demand for affordable materials; outside rags, ferrous scrap were coveted as they were cheaper to acquire virgin ore Railroads both purchased and sold for scrap in the 19th century, and the growth and automotive steel have purchased scrap in the early 20th century, many side products were collected, processed and sold by peddlers who scoured the dumps and streets for machines scrapped, pots, pans and other sources of the metal by World war thousands of these peddlers roamed the streets of American cities, taking advantage of market forces to recycle post consumer materials in industrial production 7.
drink bottles were recycled with a refundable deposit for certain drinks manufacturers in the UK and Ireland in 1800, including Schweppes 8 An official recycling system of refundable deposits was established in Sweden in 1884 for bottles and cans aluminum 1982; the law has resulted in a recycling rate of beverage containers 84 to 99 percent depending on the type, and a glass bottle can be refilled more than 20 times in average.
New chemical created in the late 19th century, both invented new materials such as Bakelite 1907 and promised to turn any value in precious materials proverbially, we could not do an ear silk purse of a sow until the US firm Arhur D Little published in 1921 on the Making of silk handbags sows ears, his research showing that when chemical combination puts and gets to business news values appear new and better slopes are open to achieve the desired objectives 9.
Recycling has been strong throughout the time of the Second World War During the war, financial constraints and shortages of major equipment due to the war effort made it necessary for countries to reuse goods and recycling materials 10 these resource shortages caused by world wars and other events that change the world, greatly encouraged recycling 11 the struggles of war have claimed much of the available hardware resources, leaving little for the civilian population 10 It became necessary for most households to recycle their waste, recycling offered an additional source of materials for people to make the best of what was available for domestic recycling materials for more resources for the war effort and a better chance win 10 massive campaigns to promote the government were performed in front of the house during the Second World War in all countries involved in the war, urging citizens to donate metals and conserve fiber, as a matter of patriotism.
A considerable investment in recycling occurred in the 1970s, due to rising energy costs 12 Recycling aluminum uses only 5 of the energy required by virgin production; glass, paper and other metals have energy saving less spectacular but very important when recycled raw material is used 13.
While consumer electronics such as television have been popular since the 1920s, recycling of them was almost unknown until the beginning of 1991 14 The first electronic waste recycling project was implemented in Switzerland , starting with the collection of old refrigerators, but gradually expanding to cover all devices 15 after these plans were implemented, many countries lacked the capacity to deal with the sheer quantity of electronic waste generated or its dangerous nature they began exporting the problem to developing countries without environmental legislation applied it's cheaper, as computer monitors recycling in the US costs 10 times more than in China demand in Asia for electronic waste began to grow when scrap yards found they could extract substances précie uses such as copper, silver, iron, silicon, nickel and gold, during the recycling process 16 2000s saw a strong increase in both sales of electronic devices and their growth as a waste stream in 2002, e waste has grown faster than any other type of waste in the EU 17 This caused investment in modern and automated facilities to cope with the influx of redundant devices, especially after strict laws were implemented in 2003 18 19 20 21.
In 2014, the EU has about 50 of the global share of industry waste and recycling, with more than 60,000 companies employing 500,000 people, with a turnover of 24 billion 22 countries are to achieve rate recycling at least 50, while the leaders are about 65 countries and the European average is 39 to 23 from 2013.
For a recycling program to work with a large, stable supply of recyclable materials is crucial Three legislative options have been used to create such offer mandatory recycling collection, container deposit of legislation and refuse bans laws of mandatory recycling targets set collection for cities to aim for, usually as a percentage of a material must be diverted from the waste stream for the city by a target date the city is then responsible for working to achieve 2 this goal.
the container deposit legislation involves offering a refund for the return of certain containers, typically glass, plastic and metal When a product in such a container is purchased, a small surcharge is added to the price This supplement can be recovered by the consumer if the container is returned to a collection point these programs have been very successful, often a recycling rate of 80 percent 24 despite these good results, changing collection of local government costs industry and consumers has created strong opposition to the creation of these programs some areas 2 a variation on this is that the manufacturer is responsible for the recycling of their products in the European Union, the WEEE Directive requires producers of consumer electronics recyclers reimburse the costs 25.
Another way to increase the supply of recycled materials is to ban the disposal of certain materials as waste, often including used oil, batteries, tires and garden waste is an object of this method is to create a viable economy for proper disposal of banned products care must be taken that enough of these recycling services exist, or such bans simply lead to more illegal dumping 2.
Legislation has also been used to increase and maintain a demand for recycled materials Four methods of such legislation are minimum recycled content mandates, utilization rates, procurement policies and labeling of recycled products 2.
Both minimum recycled content mandates and utilization rates increase demand directly by forcing manufacturers to include recycling in their operations Content mandates specify that a certain percentage of a new product should be levels of use recycled materials are a more flexible options industry are allowed to meet the recycling targets at any point of their operation or even contract recycling in exchange for tradable credits opponents of these methods point to the large increase in reporting requirements they impose, and claim that they rob industry the flexibility February 26.
Governments have used their own purchasing power to increase recycling demand through what are called procurement policies These policies are either reserved contracts, which reserve a certain amount of spending solely towards recycled products or price preference programs that provide a larger budget when recycled items are purchased other regulations can target specific cases in the United States, for example, the environmental protection Agency requires the purchase of oil, paper, tires and building insulation from recycled or refined sources again whenever possible 2.
The final government regulation towards increased demand is recycled product labeling When producers are required to label their packaging with amount of recycled material in the product, including packaging, consumers are better able to the choices of consumers with sufficient purchasing power can then choose more environmentally friendly options, invite producers to increase the amount of recycled materials in their products and indirectly increase demand standardized recycling labeling can also have a positive effect on supply of recyclates if the labeling includes information on how and where the product can be recycled 2.
The glass recovered by crushing one type of beer bottle.
Recyclate is a raw material that is sent to and processed in a waste recycling plant installation or recovery of materials that will be used to form new products 27 The material is collected in various methods and delivered to a facility where it undergoes a re-manufacture such that it can be used in the production of new materials or products, for example, plastic bottles that are collected can be reused and transformed into plastic pellets, a new product 28.
The quality of the recycled material is recognized as one of the main challenges that must be addressed for a successful long-term vision of a green economy and achieving zero waste Recyclate quality generally refers to the amount of the raw material is composed of target material relative to the amount of non-target material and other non-recyclable materials 29 only target material is capable of being recycled, so that a greater amount of non-target material and can not be recycled will reduce the amount of recycled material 29 a high proportion of non-target and non-recyclables may make it more difficult to re-processors to achieve high quality recycling If the recyclate is bad, it is more likely to end up being down recycled or, in more extreme cases, sent to other recovery options or landfilled 29, for example, to facilitate the re-manufacture of clear glass products, there are severe restrictions on the colored glass going into the re-melting process.
The quality of recycled materials not only supports high quality recycling, but it can also offer significant environmental benefits by reducing, reusing and preservation of products from landfills 29 high quality recycling can help sustain growth in the economy by maximizing the economic value of higher waste material collected 29 levels of income from the sale of quality recycled materials can return the value that can be important for local communities, households and businesses 29 continuation high quality recycling can also provide consumer and business confidence in the waste sector and management of resources and can encourage investment in this sector.
There are many actions along the recycling supply chain that can influence and affect the quality of recyclate materials 30 It begins with waste producers who place non-target and non-recyclable waste in the recycling collection this can affect the quality of the final recyclate stream or need additional efforts to discard those materials at later stages of the recycling process 30 different collection systems can lead to contamination levels Depending on the materials are collected together, extra effort is needed to sort the documents back into separate streams and can significantly reduce the quality of the final product 30 Transport and compaction of materials can make it difficult to separate a new material in the flow of separated waste sorting facilities are not one hundred percent effective in m aterials separation, despite improved technology and quality recyclate can see a loss in quality recyclate 30 Storage of materials outside the product can become damp can cause problems for reprocessing re-processors installations may require of other stages of sorting to further reduce the amount of non-target and non-recyclable materials 30 Every action along the recycling path plays a role in the quality of recycled materials.
The Recyclate quality action plan of Scotland set out a number of proposed actions that the Scottish Government would move to drive quality materials that are collected for recycling and sorted in materials recovery facilities before be exported or sold on the market 30 reprocessing.
Provide greater transparency about the quality of recycled materials.
Provide assistance to those who contract with materials recycling facilities to determine what is required of them.
Ensure compliance with regulations Waste Scotland in 2012.
Stimulate domestic market for the quality of recycled materials.
Address and reduce the problems surrounding the transport of waste Regulations.
The plan focuses on three key areas, with fourteen actions which have been identified to improve the quality of materials collected, sorted and presented to the processing market in Scotland 31.
Sorting sampling facilities of materials and transparency.
A tray with three sides at a railway station in Germany, for separating the left and right paper plastic packaging from other waste before.
A number of different systems have been implemented to collect recyclates from the general waste stream These systems are found in the spectrum of compromise between public convenience and ease of government and spending top three collection classes are drop-off centers, buy-back centers and selective collection 2.
the collection encompasses many subtly different systems, which differ mostly on where in the process the recycled materials are sorted and cleaned The main categories are collecting mixed waste mixed recyclables, and separation source 2 A vehicle collection waste typically takes waste.
A recycling truck collecting the contents of a recycling bin in Canberra, Australia.
At one end of the spectrum is the collection of mixed waste, in which all the recycled products are taken mixed with the rest of the waste, and the desired material is then sorted and cleaned in a central sorting facility This results in a large amount of waste recyclable, paper especially, being too soiled to reprocess, but has benefits both the city does not need to pay for separate collection of recycled materials and no public education is needed modifications to which the materials are recyclable is easy to accommodate as all sorting happens in a central location 2.
In an amalgamated or a single flow system all recyclables for collection are mixed but kept separate from other waste This greatly reduces the need for cleaning after collection, but does not require public education on what materials are recyclable April 2.
Source separation is the other extreme, where each material is cleaned and sorted prior to collection this method requires the least post-collection sorting and produces the purest recyclates, but results in additional operating costs for collection of each material A separate extensive public education program is also required, which must be successful if recyclate contamination must be avoided 2.
Source separation used to the preferred method due to the high sorting costs incurred by collecting mixed waste amalgamated Advances in sorting technology see sorting below, however, have reduced this overhead substantially many areas that had been the point source separation programs have since changed co mingled collection 4.
Buy-back centers differ in that the cleaned recyclates are purchased, thus providing a clear incentive to employment and the creation of a stable supply post-processing material can then be sold on, hoping to create a profit Unfortunately, government subsidies are required to buy-back centers a viable business, such as the national Association of the US waste recycling costs an average of 50 US to treat a ton of material, which can be sold for 30 US 2.
drop-off centers require the waste producers to transport recycled materials to a central location, a collection station installed or mobile or the reprocessing plant itself they are the easiest collection to establish, but suffer from a low rate and unpredictable.
For some waste materials such as plastic, recent technical devices called recyclebots 32 allow a form of recycling distributed preliminary analysis of LCA lifecycle says it distributed recycling HDPE filament to 3-D printers in rural areas is energetically favorable or using virgin resin or recycling of conventional processes due to the reduction of the transport power 33 34.
recyclates are Once amalgamated collected and delivered to a central collection point different types of materials to be sorted This is done in a series of steps, many of which involve automated processes such that a truck full of equipment can be fully sorted in less than an hour 4 Some plants can now sort the materials automatically, known as single-stream recycling name in plants, a variety of materials are sorted, such as paper, various types of plastics, glass, metals, leftover food, and most types of batteries 35 to 30 percent increase in recycling rates has been seen in the areas where these plants exist 36.
Initially, the recyclates amalgamated are removed from the collection vehicle and placed on a spreading conveyor belt in a single layer large pieces of corrugated bags fibreboard and plastics are removed by hand at this stage because they can cause of machines before the jam 4.
Early glass sorting recyclable materials and plastic bottles in Poland.
Then, automatic machines such as disk screens and air classifiers separate the recycled material by weight, the lighter paper fractionation and plastic heavier glass and metal board is removed from the mixed paper and types of the most common plastics, PET HDPE 1 and 2, are collected this separation is usually done by hand, but has become automated in some sorting centers of a spectroscopic scanner is used to differentiate between different types of paper and plastic based on the absorbed wavelengths, and then deflect each material in the appropriate collection channel 4.
Strong magnets are used to separate the ferrous metals such as iron, steel and cans non-ferrous metals are ejected by magnetic eddy currents wherein a rotating magnetic field induces an electric current around the aluminum cans, which in turn creates a magnetic eddy current inside the cans This magnetic eddy current is repulsed by a magnetic field, and the cans are ejected from the rest of the recyclate stream 4.
A recycling point in Nova Scotia byth, with separate containers for paper, plastics and different colored glass.
Finally, glass is sorted according to its brown color, orange, green or clear, it can either be hand-picked, 4 or via an automatic machine that uses color filters to detect different colors fragments of glass of less than 10 mm 0 through 39 can not be automatically sorted, and are mixed together as fine glass particles 37.
This process of recycling and reuse of the recycled material has proven advantageous because it reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills, conserve natural resources, saves energy, reduces emissions of effect greenhouse, and helps create new jobs recycled materials can also be converted into new products that can be consumed again as paper, plastic, glass and 38.
The city and county Department of Environment San Francisco is trying to reach a goal throughout the city to generate zero waste by 2020 39 garbage trucks in San Francisco, Recology operates a recycling sorting facility effective in San Francisco, which contributed to a record in San Francisco diversion rate of 80 40 break contact.
Food packaging should contain more organic matter in organic matter, if any, should be placed in a biodegradable waste container or be buried in a garden 41 As no trace of biodegradable material is best kept in the packaging before placing it in a trash bag certain packaging must also be rinsed 42.
Mounds in shredded rubber tires are ready for processing.
While many government programs are focused on recycling at home, a 64 waste in the UK is generated by the industry 43 The subject of numerous recycling programs conducted by the industry is the cost efficiency of recycling of the ubiquitous nature of the cardboard packaging makes an often recycled cardboard waste product from companies that massively deal in packaged goods, such as retail warehouses and distributors of products other industries deal with niche products or specialized, depending on the nature of the waste that is present.
glass makers, wood, pulp and paper process all directly in commonly recycled materials; However, old rubber tires can be collected and recycled by independent dealers tires for profit.
metal recycling levels are generally low in 2010, the International Resource Panel organized by the United Nations Environment Program UNEP published reports on metal stocks that exist within society 44 and their recycling rate 44 the Panel noted that the increase in the use of metals in the 20th and 21st century, led to a substantial change in the basement of metal inventories to be used in applications within the company off the ground, for example, copper stock in use in the United States rose from 73 to 238 kg per capita between 1932 and 1999.
The report found that, as the metals are inherently recyclable metal stocks in society can serve as huge mines above ground, urban mining term was coined with this idea in mind 45 However, they found that many metal recycling rates are very low the report warned that the recycling rate of rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones, batteries for hybrid cars and fuel cells, are so lower than if future recycling rate at end of life are greatly intensified these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology.
The army recycling of metals disposal of ships of the US Navy program uses shipbreaking to retrieve the steel of old vessels Ships can be sunk to create an artificial reef uranium is a dense metal that has qualities superior to those of lead and titanium for many military and industrial uses uranium that remains of it in the treatment of nuclear weapons and fuel for nuclear reactors is called depleted uranium and is used by all branches of the military use of US for piercing armor and shells.
The construction industry can be recycled road surface of concrete pavement and old, selling their waste for profit.
Some industries, such as renewable energy industry and solar photovoltaic technology, in particular, are proactive in the development of recycling policies before the volume is considerable in their waste streams, anticipate future demand during their rapid growth 46.
Plastics recycling is more difficult, because most programs are not able to reach the PVC recycling quality level often results in down-cycling of the material, which means that the products of the lower quality standard can be made of recycled materials a new approach allows the same level of quality is the process Vinyloop It was just after the London Olympics in 2012 to meet the 47 PVC policy.
E-waste is a growing problem, which is 20-50 million tons of waste per year worldwide according to the EPA is also the flow of the fastest growing waste in the EU 17 Many recyclers do not recycle waste electronic responsibly After the barge sea Khian cargo spilled 14,000 tons of toxic ash in Haiti of the Basel Convention was established to stem the flow of hazardous substances in the poorest countries They created the e-Stewards certification to ensure that recyclers are required to respect the highest standards of environmental responsibility and to help consumers identify those responsible recyclers It works by other important pieces of legislation, such as Directive electrical and electronic equipment waste EU, national recycling in the United States Computer Act to prevent toxic chemicals into rivers and the atmosphere.
In the recycling process, televisions, monitors, cell phones and computers are generally tested for reuse and repair If broken, they can be dismantled for parts still have a high value if the job is enough not expensive other electronic waste is shredded into pieces of about 10 cm 3-9 in size, and controlled manually to separate toxic batteries and capacitors which contain toxic metals remaining pieces are then shredded to 10 mm 0 39 particles and passed under a magnet to remove ferrous metals eddy currents ejects non-ferrous metals, which are classified by density, or by a centrifugal or vibrating plates precious metals may be dissolved in acid, sorted and melted ingots fractions remaining glass and plastic are separated by density and sold re-process ors TVs and monitors must be manually disassembled to remove lead from cathode ray tubes and mercury backlight from the LCD 48 49 50.
A container for recycling used plastic spoons of a material for 3D printing.
Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastics and reprocessing equipment useful products, sometimes completely different in form from their original state, for example, this could mean melting soft drink bottles and casting them as plastic chairs and tables 51.
Some plastic materials are remelted to form new plastic articles; e.g., PET water bottles can be converted into polyester for clothing A disadvantage of this type of recycling is that the molecular weight of the polymer may also change and the levels of undesirable substances in the plastic may increase each with reflow.
For some polymers, it is possible to convert the monomer, e.g., PET may be treated with an alcohol and a catalyst to form a dialkyl terephthalate diester terephthalate can be used with ethylene glycol to form a new polymer polyester, which makes it possible to use the pure polymer again.
Another method involves the conversion of various polymers in oil by thermal depolymerization process much less precise Such a process would be able to accept almost any polymer or mixture of polymers, including thermoset materials such as tires vulcanized rubber and biopolymers in feathers and other agricultural waste such as natural oil products chemicals can be used as fuel or as raw material Resem Technology 52 plants of this type in Carthage, Missouri USA, using turkey waste as input material Gasification is a similar process but not technically recycling since the polymers are not likely to become plastic pyrolysis result can convert the stream of oil-based waste, such as plastics in fuel quality carbon atoms given below list appropriate plastic raw materials for the pyrolysis.
To meet the recycling needs while offering manufacturers a consistent, uniform, a coding system was developed The plastics recycling code was introduced in 1988 by the plastics industry by the Society of Plastics Industries 53 because municipal packaging recycling programs have traditionally targeted mainly bottles and containers of resin coding system offered a way of identifying the resin content of bottles and containers commonly found in the residential waste stream 54.
Plastic items are printed with numbers 1 to 7 depending on the type of type 1 polyethylene terephthalate resin is commonly found in soft drinks and type 2 water bottles HDPE is in most plastics hard such as milk bottles, laundry detergent bottles, and some dishware type 3 polyvinylchloride includes items such as bottles of shampoo, shower curtains, hoop wire jacketing credit cards, medical equipment, siding and 4 low density polyethylene type of piping is in bags, squeeze bottles, tote bags, clothing, furniture, and 5 type of carpet is polypropylene and makes the syrup bottles, straws, Tupperware and type automotive parts 6 is polystyrene and represents meat trays, egg cartons, shaped containers cuckold ille, and a CD case of type 7 includes all other plastic materials such as bulletproof material 3 and water 5 gallon bottles, and sunglasses 55 having a recycling code or the arrows chasing logo on material not an automatic indicator of a material is recyclable but rather an explanation of what the material is Type 1 and 2 are commonly recycled.
Critics dispute the net economic and environmental benefits of recycling its costs, and suggest that proponents of recycling often make matters worse and suffer from confirmation bias Specifically, critics argue that the costs and energy used in collection and transport and lessen outweigh the costs and energy savings in the production process; also that the work produced by the recycling industry can be a poor trade for the jobs lost in logging, mining and other industries related to production; and in that materials such as paper pulp can be recycled many times before degradation of recyclable materials prevents further 56.
The National Association of waste and recycling NWRA, reported in May 2015 that the recycling of waste and makes a July 6 billion economic impact in Ohio, U S 57 and employs 14,000 people.
There is a debate over whether recycling is economically efficient, it is said that by the dumping of 10,000 tons of waste in a landfill creates six jobs while recycling 10,000 tons of waste can create more than 36 jobs However, the effectiveness of job creation costs remains unproven as the recycling of US economic information study, there are more than 50,000 recycling facilities which have created over a million jobs nationwide 61 STATES Two years after New York, said that the implementation of recycling programs would be a drain on the city of New York executives have realized that an efficient recycling system could save the city more than 20 62 million municipalities often see fiscal benefits from implementing recycling programs, largely due to landfill costs reduced 63 to a study by the technical University Denmark according to economist found that in 83 percent of cases, recycling is the most effective method of removing household waste April 13 However, 2004 ILAN by the Danish Evaluation Institute of the Environment concluded that incineration is the most effective method for the elimination of beverage containers, even in aluminum 64.
tax efficiency is separate from economic efficiency Economic analysis of recycling do not understand what economists call externalities, which are unpriced costs and benefits that accrue to individuals outside of private transactions Examples include decreased air pollution and greenhouse gases from incineration, reduced hazardous waste leaching from landfills, reducing energy consumption and a reduced consumption and waste of resources, leading a reduction of mining and wood damaging to the environment About 4,000 minerals are known, these few hundred minerals in the world are 65 relatively common, known phosphorus reserves will be exhausted in the next 100 years current utilization rate 66 67 without mechanisms such as taxes or subsidies to internalize externalities, businesses ignore them despite the costs to the opinion of the company for these non-budgetary benefits economically relevant, advocates have pushed for legislative action to increase dema nd for recycled materials 2 The Environmental Protection Agency US EPA concluded in favor of recycling, saying that recycling efforts reduced by a net amount of 49 million metric tons in 2005 4 carbon emissions in the country in the UK, the Program Action waste and resources said the recycling efforts of Britain to reduce CO 2 emissions by 10 to 15 million tonnes per year 4 recycling is more efficient in densely populated areas, as there are economies of scale involved 2.
Certain conditions must be met for recycling is economically feasible and effective for the environment, including adequate source of recycled materials, a system to extract these recycled materials from waste disseminate a nearby factory capable of reprocessing recycled materials and a potential demand for recycled products latter two requirements are often overlooked without both an industrial market for production using the collected materials and a consumer market for manufactured goods, recycling is incomplete and that, in fact, 2 collection.
free-market economist Julian Simon noticed there are three ways the company can organize waste disposal commander, b and guided by the tax subsidy, and c leaving the individual and the market These principles seem to divide thinkers economic now 68.
Frank Ackerman promotes a high level of government intervention to provide recycling services He believes that recycling benefits can be quantified effectively by economic laissez-faire traditional Allen Hershkowitz supports the intervention, saying it is a public service equal to education and police He argues that manufacturers should take more of the burden of waste disposal 68.
Paul Calcott and Walls Margaret recommend the second option of a deposit refund system and a small charge of waste encourage recycling, but not at the expense of Thomas C Kinnaman fly-tipping concludes that a landfill tax would force consumers, businesses and councils to recycle over 68.
Most free market thinkers hate subsidies and intervention because they waste the resources Terry Anderson and Donald Leal think that should be exploited by all private recycling programs, and should therefore work if the money saved by recycling exceeds its Daniel K Benjamin costs argues that s wastes resources and reduces the wealth of a population 68.
Some countries trade in unprocessed recycled materials Some complained that the ultimate fate of recyclates sold in another country is unknown and they can end up in landfills instead of reprocessed According to a report in America 50 80 percent of computers for recycling are actually not recycled 69 70 there are reports of illegal waste imports to China being dismantled and recycled solely for monetary gain, regardless of the health of workers, or environmental damage While Chinese government banned these practices, it was not able to eliminate 71 in 2008, the prices of recyclable waste plummeted before rebounding in 2009 averaged about 53 tons of cardboard 2004 2008, dropped to 19 tons, and then went up to 59 tonne in May 2009 PET plastic averaged about 156 tonnes, dropped to 75 tonnes and then moved to the h aut 195 tons in May 2009 72.
Some regions have difficulty using or exporting as much material as they recycle This problem is most prevalent with glass Great Britain and the United States import large quantities of wine bottled in green glass Although much part of this glass is sent to be recycled, outside the American Midwest there is not enough wine production to use all the equipment retired extra downcycled be building materials or re-inserted into the flow of regular waste April 2.
Similarly, the northwestern United States has difficulty finding markets for recycled newspaper, given the large number of pulp mills in the region, as well as proximity to Asian markets in other regions of the US, however, demand for used newsprint has seen wide fluctuations 2.
US In some states, a program called RecycleBank pays people to recycle, receiving money from local municipalities for the reduction in the discharge space to be purchased It uses a single stream process in which all materials are sorted 73 automatically.
Much of the difficulty inherent in recycling comes from the fact that most products are not designed with recycling in mind the concept of sustainable design aims to solve this problem, and was put in the cradle of the book Cradle Redo the way We Make Things by architect William McDonough and chemist Michael Braungart the they suggest that all products and all packaging they need should have a complete closed loop cycle mapped out for each component in a way that each component is back the natural ecosystem through biodegradation or be recycled indefinitely 4.
Full recycling is not feasible from a practical point of view in all, substitution and recycling strategies only delay the depletion of non-renewable stocks and can save time in the transition towards true sustainability or strong that eventually guaranteed that in an economy based on renewable resources 74 21.
Although recycling diverts waste from entering directly into landfills, recycling the current lack dissipative comprehensive recycling components is not as highly dispersed waste becomes so diluted that the energy necessary for their recovery becomes increasingly too, such as how it will always be possible to recycle the many chlorinated organic hydrocarbons which bioaccumulate in animal and human tissues around the world, copper dispersed fungicides lead in widely applied paint, or oxides of zinc present in the finely divided rubber powder which is abraded from automobile tires 75,260.
As with environmental economics, care must be taken to ensure a comprehensive view of costs and benefits involved, for example, cardboard packaging for food is most easily recycled plastics, but it is heavier to carry and can result in more waste deterioration 76.
steel bales for transport crushed loans foundry.
The amount of energy saved by recycling depends recycled material and type of energy used accounting proper accounting for this saved energy can be accomplished with the life cycle analysis using actual energy values also Exergy which is a useful measure of energy can be used in general, it takes much less energy to produce a unit of mass of recycled materials than it does to do the same mass of virgin materials 77 78 79.
Some researchers use emergy spelled with an m analysis, for example, the budgets for the amount of energy a Exergy type that is needed to turn things or in another type of calculations Emergy products or services take into economy account that can modify pure physics based results with researchers analyzing lifecycle Emergetic concluded that materials with high refining costs have the greatest potential for high profits recycling also the efficiency shortest Emergetic from oriented systems recycling of materials, which are designed of materials to be recycled back into their original form and purpose, followed by adaptive reuse systems where the materials are recycled in another type of product and then reuse systems byproduct when parts of these products are used for fa scrub a completely different product 80.
The Energy Information Administration EIA states on its website that a paper mill uses energy to 40 percent less to make paper from recycled paper than to make paper from fresh wood Some 81 critics argue that more energy needed to produce recycled products than it does have in traditional landfill methods for the selective collection of recyclable materials often requires a second waste truck However, recycling proponents point out that a second timber or logging truck is eliminated when paper is collected for recycling, so that the net energy consumption is the same life cycle analysis emergy on recycling revealed that the fly ash, the aluminum, recycled concrete aggregate, recycled plastic, steel and give higher performance reports, while the recycling timber generates the report benefit of the lowest recycling Therefore, the specificity of the recycling process, the methods used to analyze the process and the products affect energy saving budgets 80.
It is difficult to determine the amount of energy consumed or produced in the process of eliminating waste in wider ecological terms, where cause and effect to dissipate into complex networks of flows of materials and energy, for example, cities do not follow all the ecosystem development strategies biogeochemical roads become straight enough compared to wild ecosystems with very low recycling, resulting in significant waste streams and low total energy efficiency However, in wild ecosystems, are a waste of public resources of another people, and the results of succession in the efficient use of available resources, however, even the modernized cities can still be in the early stages of an estate that can take centuries or millennia to complete 82,720 How much energy is used in the recycling also depends on the type of recycled material and the process used to aluminum is usually acceptable to use much less energy when recycled rather than being produced from zero EPA st ates that recycling aluminum cans, for example, saves 95 percent of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum from its virgin source, bauxite 83 84 in 2009, more than half of cans 'produced aluminum were from recycled aluminum 85.
Each year, millions of tonnes of materials are used for the crust, and turned into consumer goods and equipment After decades, even centuries, most of these materials are lost, with the exception of a few works art and religious relics, they are not more involved in the process of consumption Where are they recycling is only an intermediate solution for these materials, although it extends the residence time in the anthroposphere for thermodynamic reasons however, recycling can not prevent the ultimate need of ultimate sink 86 1.
Economist Steven Landsburg suggested that the only advantage of reducing the discharge space is fabricated by the energy and pollution resulting from 87 Other recycling process, however, calculated by the evaluation cycle life as the production of recycled paper uses less energy and water than harvesting, pulping, processing and transport of virgin trees 88 When less recycled paper is used, need extra energy to create and maintain the forests of breeding until these forests are as self-sufficient as virgin forests.
Other studies have shown that recycling itself is ineffective to achieve the decoupling of economic development of depletion of non-renewable raw materials is necessary for sustainable development 89 Transportation equipment or recycling international flows across various networks commercial of the three countries result in different flows, decay rates, and potential recycling returns 90 1 as the global consumption of natural resources grows, his exhaustion is inevitable the best recycling can do is delay, the complete closure loops of material for recycling 100 percent of nonrenewables is impossible that the micro -trace materials dissipate into the environment causing serious damage to the ecosystems of the planet 91 92 93 Historically, this has been identified as the metabolic cleavage Karl Marx identified the exchange rate unequal between energy and nutrients flowing from rural areas to feed the urban cities that create waste effluent degradation of ecological capital of the planet, such s lost production soil nutrients 94 95 Energy Conservation also led to the so-called paradox of Jevon where improving energy efficiency reduces the cost of production and lead to a rebound effect, where consumption rates and economic growth increases 93 96.
A New York store sells only recycled items from demolished buildings.
The amount of money actually saved through recycling depends on the efficiency of the recycling program used to make the Institute for Local Self argues that the cost of recycling depends on various factors, such as landfill costs and the amount of disposal that the community recycles it states that communities start to save money when they treat recycling as a replacement for their traditional waste system rather than an add-on and redesigning their collection schedules and trucks or 97.
In some cases, the cost of recyclable materials also exceeds the cost of raw materials virgin plastic resin costs 40 percent less than recycled resin 98 In addition, a protective environment agency in the US EPA study that tracked the price clear glass from 15 July to 2 August 1991, found that the average cost per ton ranged from 40 to 60 99 while a USGS report shows that the cost per ton of raw silica sand from years 1993 to 1997 was between 17 and 33 18 10 100.
Comparing the cost of the market for recyclable materials with the cost of new raw materials ignores economic externality costs that are not yet recognized by the market Creating a new piece of plastic, for example, can cause more pollution and less sustainable than recycling a similar piece of plastic, but these factors will not be counted in the cost of market assessment of the life cycle can be used to determine levels of externalities and decide whether the recycling can be useful despite adverse market costs otherwise legal means as a carbon tax can be used to bring externalities in the market, so the cost of the hardware market becomes close to the actual cost.
People in Brazil who earn their living by collecting and sorting garbage and sell them for recycling.
The recycling of electrical and electronic waste in India and China generates a significant amount of informal recycling pollution in the underground economy in these countries has generated an environmental disaster and health High levels of lead Pb, PBDEs polybrominated diphenyl, dioxins and polychlorinated furans and polybrominated as dioxins and furans PCDD Fs and Fs DPDA concentrated in the air, dust bottom ash, soil, water and sediment in the areas surrounding the recycling sites 101.
Economist Steven Landsburg author of a paper entitled Why I am not Ecologist, 102 claimed that paper recycling actually reduces tree populations argues that paper companies have incentives to replenish forests, high demands for lead paper to large forests reduced demand for paper leads to fewer breeding forests 103.
However, when companies foresting cut down trees, more are planted in their place Most paper comes from pulp forests grown specifically for paper production 104 105 106 Many environmentalists point out that cultivated forests are inferior to virgin forests in many ways farmed forests are not able to fix the soil as quickly as virgin forests, causing widespread soil erosion and often requiring large amounts of fertilizer to maintain while containing little tree and wild biodiversity life compared to virgin forests 107 in addition, new trees planted are not as big as the trees that were cut down, and the argument that there will be more trees is not convincing defenders forest when they have young trees.
In particular, the wood of rainforests is rarely harvested for paper because of their heterogeneity 108 According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is subsistence agriculture 48 deforestation and commercial agriculture 32, which is related to food, no paper 109 production.
In some countries, recycling is done by the company such as poor GUNI karung zabbaleen of the rag and bone man retrievers and man junk With the creation of large recycling companies which can be profitable, either by law or economies of scale 110 111 poor people are more likely to be driven out of the recycling and remanufacturing market to offset this loss of income, a company may need to create other forms social programs to help the poor 112 as the parable of the broken window there is a net loss to the poor and perhaps an entire company to do recycling artificially profitable, eg by law However, Brazil and Argentina, waste pickers informal recyclers work alongside the authorities, fully or semi-funded cooperatives, allowing the informal recycling be legitimized as a sect of employment ur public paid 113.
Because the social support of a country is likely to be lower than the loss of income for poor recycling business, there is a greater chance the poor will come in conflict with the large recycling organizations 114 115 This means fewer people can decide if certain waste is more economical reusable in its current form, rather than being retired contrast to poor recycling efficiency of recycling could be higher for some materials because individuals have greater control over what is considered as waste 112.
A labor underused waste is electronic and computer waste Because this waste may still be functional and wanted especially those with low incomes, who can sell or use for greater efficiency than large recyclers.
Some recycling advocates believe that the individual based recycling laissez faire does not cover recycling society must, he does not deny the need for a recycling program organized 112 local governments may take into account the recycling activities poor by helping to burn the property.
The changes that have been shown to increase recycling rates include.
Between 1960 and 2000, global production of plastic resins rose 25 times, while the recovery of the material remained below 5 percent 116131 Many studies have focused on recycling behavior and strategies to encourage participation Community recycling programs it has been argued that 117 recycling behavior is not natural because it requires attention and appreciation of the long-term planning, while humans have evolved to be sensitive to the goals of survival short term; and to overcome this innate predisposition, the best solution would be to use social pressure to force participation in recycling programs However, recent studies have concluded that social pressure is not viable in this context 118 One reason is that the functions of social pressure well in small group size of 50 to 150 individuals common to nomadic hunter-gatherers, but not in the communities in the millions, as we see today another reason is that the individual recycling is not done in public view.
In a study by the social psychologist Shawn Burn, 119 it was found that personal contact with people in a district is the most effective way to increase recycling in a community in his study, he had 10 heads block talk to their neighbors and persuading them to recycle a comparison group was sent flyers promoting recycling It was found that the neighbors have been contacted personally by their block leaders recycled much more than the group without personal contact as a result of this study, Shawn Burn believes that personal contact within a small group of people is an important factor to encourage recycling another study by Stuart Oskamp 120 examines the effect of neighbors and friends on recycling He was found in his studies that people who had friends and neighbors who were recycling were much more likely to recycle as those who didn t have friends and neighbors who have recycled.
Many schools have created awareness of recycling clubs to give young students an insight on recycling These schools believe that the clubs really encourage students to recycle not only at school but at home as well.
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