HD Stock Footage World War - Activities R1 tank, battalion, infantry, FT-17, M1917, AC-1, Doughboys
the thickness of the modified armor type turret according octagonal thick walls riveted turret was 16 mm, which were welded turret rounded sides 22 mm thick.
While many English language sources mention 237 towers, towers 233 Finnish sources suggest that the maximum number of laps completed in Finnish tanks.
were replaced by Finnish cooling air 7 62 mm Maxim in summer 1937 original machine guns Hotchkiss 8 mm machine guns.
Finnish use Finland bought 32 of these tanks in France in the year 1919 two additional vessels delivered in 1920 Renault FT 17 was the first tank of the Finnish tank body and the main reservoir in use in the 1920's and 1930's For First winter War, they didn t see any combat use as tanks but some were dug in the turret down and positions used by bunkers sort by Finnish infantry the last 17 FT tanks remained in the use of training until 1943.
armor penetration Psv 37 K 18 aka 37 mm Puteaux SA-18 21 L tank gun.
- Guns vs site armor D M French Honner or mle 1892 m 24 non coiffй AP-turn, 500 grams projectile, 338 m sec.
Notice pretests Finnish Winter War gave test results that ammunition to penetrate even failed 10mm angle of impact of steel plate by 90 degrees to the distance of 100 meters.
While the British were the first to introduce a combat service reservoir for many French FT 17 is the first modern tank That was certainly the first to have the basic layout even in most reservoirs today - driver in the front part of the hull, the engine in the rear seat and arms in a rotating turret on the top of the hull obviously smaller that the other tanks introduced during World war 1, he also proved amazingly good design, but because of the rapid technical development of the 1920s and 1930s also became seriously outdated in just two decades.
As its name suggests, this tank was designed in the factory of French automaker Louis Renault Rudolph Ernst Metzmaier as its main designer Besides these two gentlemen as Colonel Jean-Baptiste Eug does Estienne had originally envisioned a light tank for the French army and prepared to order Renault instrumental in creating the first prototype tank was completed in February-March 1917 and when tested in Champlieu so successful that the first order for 350 FT 17 tanks was made of 22 February 1917 was quickly extended to 3500 tanks, which were to be delivered by the end of 1918 Since the Renault factory default manufacturing capacity of so number of tanks in time so limited, many other French companies were included in the production These companies included Belleville, Berliet, Delauney, and a big name SOMUA ber of subcontractors by the armistice that ended World War 1, the French military had ordered 7.820 FT 17 tanks, whi ch was delivered 3177 While much of the delivered not yet orders were canceled after the war, in 1921 the French army was still 3728 FT 17 tanks They remained in French original use machine guns Hotchkiss is replaced by a new 7-5 mm Reibel machine guns Miss 31 - the version of the resulting reservoir was known as FT 31 about 1,600 of them remained under french use until summer 1940, when many were captured by the Germans during their invasion of France appointed German military captured french FT 17 tanks as PzKpfw 18R 730 f and used them for internal security operations in occupied France until 1944.
Although the Army French was the main customer of these tanks, they have been widely exported after World War 1 customers export included Belgium, Brazil, China, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Finland, Greece, Italy, Japan, Manchuria, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, United States and Yugoslavia They also provided military assistance to the white Russians during the Russian civil war 1917 - 1923 and saw a use in a variety of other wars like the Spanish civil war 1936-1939, war Franco - Thai 1940-1941, Chinese civil war 1927 - 1937 and 1946 - 1950 and Chinese - Japanese war 1937 - 1945 many Renault FT tanks 17 delivered to Russia ended up being captured by the Soviet red Army, while some were taken and used by Estonia until 1940 year USA delivered some of them in Canada in addition, Italy FIAT 300 0, the Soviet Union KS, MS-1 and MS-2 and US 6 Ton M1917 tank began making copies or be their own based design FT 17 tanks In 1920, the French also designed more Print version Oved Char Char NC27 NC1 and NC2 Char Char NC31 for export sales While 17 FT was excellent early success with its small size and other limitations, ultimately it also proved to be wise design of a death that could not be further developed.
Several varieties of Renault FT 17 was the most common of these were the version equipped with 8mm Hotchkiss machinegun and the version with a low speed of 37 mm tank gun SA French but also made version with 75 mm gun the version equipped with the wireless radio set and experimented with several special versions as even the most common versions had small variations in original design FT 17 had a cast steel turret, which has been difficult to manufacture, so that the octagonal riveted turret was introduced to production until the cast version became available in the required number in addition to this seemingly hull, which was a self riveted structure were differences vary from manufacturer to manufacturer the other reason the vehicle is so short that he had low capacity passage of sliced 1 35 meters, but it was fixed already early by adding the shell of the tank with a removable tail suspension structure with bogies 8, coil springs and leaf springs was extremely modern for its time to 191 7 and apparently good enough for this vehicle light and slow While the modest engine of 35 horsepower tank was obviously too weak to armored vehicle of this size, it could provide the slow speed almost equal to the infantry walking required in the original specification, even he had a pretty tank large fuel tank of 95 liters, the maximum range is limited to only 35 kilometers, which limits the tactical ability tanks is not suitable for long attacks across enemy lines tank tracks were wide and each of 34 cm contained 32 shoes both men crew included conducting track and very overloaded tank gunner commander Only eq uipement signaling used in FT 17 tanks were typical of signal flags, the tank commander would wave if necessary.
IMAGE Renault FT 17 tank of the Finnish army climbing a small obstacle This is naaras submachine release tank with a turret casting Note the structure of the current tail of use and signal flags on the turret CLICK TO ENLARGE THE STICKER PIC 71 KB.
For Finland, as most export customers for FT 17 tanks, it was the first reservoir in use and the starting point of the reservoir body of their armed forces Year 1919, the Finnish Defense Forces have recently created been buying new weapons in France the most expensive part of these acquisitions was 32 Renault FT 17 tanks, which were shipped from Havre to Helsinki with Juazeiro art and issued the Finnish army 26 August 1919, prices of these tanks was 67 million marks the 32 new plant tanks, manufactured in 1918, 1919, and had french registry of numbers between 66151 73400 14 of them were equipped with anti-tank guns of 37 mm and 18 had been equipped with Finnish army M 1914 Hotchkiss machine guns 8mm decided to just call the version with tank gun as male and koiras version as naaras machinegun female for transport tanks on the Finnish army road also bought six Latil tractors with trailers, they arrived with the same ship as the tanks tanks owers ways and trailers have all been issued to Hy kk ysvaunurykmentti Tank Regiment, which had its garrison Santahamina in the military base in Helsinki and was established in 15 of July 1919 the French model tank regiment was early regarded as part of the artillery on the ground and organized accordingly as artillery battalions and batteries artillery, whose wise equivalent size companies and platoons as was the first Finnish military unit of its type, at first there were no officers with appropriate training early on the most likely tactics for tanks were considered as a cavalry tactics modernized so, so seven of the top dozen officers governed ment tanks were transferred cavalry recruits for this new military unit were selected with preferably those having technical training or experience of any kind for continuing education a French team of nine men led by the Pivetau captain arrived in Finland in 1919 and formed the foundation for the Finnish personnel given the political situation in 1919 and the geographical situation of Finland, the agreement of the FT 17 tank was not exactly lacking ulterior motives just says he's pretty sure to suspect that the French will deliver FT-17 tanks and other military equipment to Finland in 1919 was linked to plans to support the Russian white Army in the Russian civil war from 1917 to 1922 but the plan failed because Finland did not join the attack to Petrograd St. Petersburg.
Organization Hy kk ysvaunurykmentti Tank Regiment in late 1919.
1 artillery battalion in each artillery battalion.
1 artillery battery in each artillery battalion.
Artillery 1 st section, in each section of artillery.
Renault FT 17 tanks in Finland use are not subject to drastic changes during their nearly two decades of service career, especially the male -version with its 37 mm gun remained roughly the same as that delivered in the year 1919, with its 37 K 18 Psv main weapon that the Finnish army named his tank gun Puteaux sA-18 37mm remains unchanged at the end of this gun fired the same x 37 mm cannon shells of 94R as Russian infantry guns Obukhov and Rosenberg 37 mm and 37 30 My Maxim 37mm automatic cannon which explains at least part of the inventory of ammunition rather versatile that gun tank used Finnish While other sources indicate that the male version of Renault FT 17 was usually racks of ammunition for cannon 237 rounds of ammunition tank 37 mm, the Finnish sources suggest that maximum number of shells was carried in 233 laps These 233 tours usually included 204 shells ET, AP, AP-T, and kinds PASE PASE-T and 29 round with shrapnel shells, which were for use at close range against infantry distance of 20 meters or less - female version was equipped with 8 mm machinegun Hothckiss million in 1914, which is slightly more problematic from the Finnish point of view These guns were first noted already unsatisfactory in the year 1924 and the French munitions 8 mm x 50R Lebel used them was very non-standard for Finnish military because it was not used in real numbers in all other weapons yet, they could have been no question as serious, if the machine guns had been unreliable and worn to such an extent that finally they had to be replaced that was in the summer of 1937 and the eight Hotchkiss machine guns were sent to arms Depot 1 Asevarikko 1 in October 1937 replacing the French Hotchkiss was designed Finnish air cooled variation Maxim M 09-31 machinegun which was similar to those used in July 62 ItKk 31 VKT anti-aircraft guns 09-31 M to be more exact Maxim tank was similar to machinegun machinegun right side 7 62 31 ItKk VKP since a mmunition belt was powered by the right machinegun it has a theoretical rate of fire about 900 rounds per minute and was supplied with ammunition belts disintegration of 250 steel round addition to this change of machine guns, a another remarkable Finnish visibly change made Renault FT 17 tanks were to add large toolbox on the side of the vehicle, which took place in the year 1934.
As France has apparently had political plans of his own related to the sale of Renault FT 17 tanks in Finland in 1919. The main point of these plans has been joined Finland to fight against the government Russian Finnish government Bolshevik had no real interest to support the white Russians, since their management has refused to accept the independence of Finland, if Finland refused to join the war, but that didn t stop the French Shortly after the delivery of the FT 17 French Government exercised diplomatic pressure demanding Finland lend two of these tanks a male and a female to General Nikolai Yudenich s Northwest Russian white Army, which in the year 1919 operated by Estonia towards Petrograd St Peterburg ultimately the Finnish Government bowed to political pressure in this case 17 th - 18 th October 1919, the two tanks were sent to Tallinn, where they moved to Na rva two days later, they served with the French - and Russian crews took part in the attack to Kipi in the 27 to 31 October 1919 Ober Yudenich s army northwest failed in his attack to Petrograd in October 1919, retired in Estonia and there were disarmed before being evacuated Estonia has used two tanks to train its tank crews before returning to Finland 9th April 1920 the two of them have proven to be in poor condition because of this, the French government as compensation Finland sent two additional new Renault FT 17 tanks, which arrived with Ceres art 21st of April 1920 French record numbers for these additional tanks were 66614 and 67220 Arrival these two new additional tanks increased the total number of tanks Renault FT 17 in Finnish service 34 tanks.
IMAGE Two Renault FT 17 tanks of the Finnish Army, taking part in war games in 1920 or 1930 s-tank gun Koiras riveted with octagonal turret is the passage of a smoke covered part naaras version machinegun-tank CLICK THUMBNAIL PIC TO ENLARGE 60 KB.
For about two decades, including Renault FT 17 used in Finland, Finnish military had plenty of opportunities to gather experience about them The French had originally suggested 20 kilometer distance to their maximum in March of road every day, but 1925 this presumption was sacked by performing successfully approximately 150 kilometer per road mach However such tests also revealed some weak parts of the design - perhaps the most problematic of proved to be fan belt radiator, which for example had to be replaced 21 times during the march road above mentioned 150 km Finno designed a better radiator fan belt introduced 1926 was twice the life of the original, but even its longer life was too short to provide answers to this problem while replacing broken fan belt the radiator was pretty easy and rapid experienced crew, it took only two minutes, the frequent break reduces the already limited speed in March also of the entire tank column from March al engine so essentially demanded constant maintenance - for example, its oil has been changed every 20 hours of use.
1932 Major Olavi Sahlgren tank company commander independent from 1930 to 1933 reported in 1932 that in addition to the maximum speed already limited road 7am 5 km from Renault FT 17.
In March of road after only 50-60 kilometers technical losses are about 25 and frequent technical problems requiring frequent repairs reduce the actual speed of March Renault tanks on the road just 4 kilometers per hour.
Because of this, he noted that the Renault tanks simply not suitable for the mobile war Towards tested old Finnish Army 1934-1937 Renault FT 17 tanks and new Vickers in deep snow and against various types of anti-tank barriers in these tests FT 17 performed surprisingly well in deep snow, but when it came to tight snowdrifts or tank obstacles abilities proved the much less spectacular design FT 17 had obvious built-limits to begin with these included the very slow maximum speed making it easy for any target reservoir antitank weapon, a thin armor designed to protect only against arms fire and shrapnel, low speed PsvK 37 18 37 mm Hotchkiss SA-18 L 21 tank gun, that was a bad weapon against other tanks During a piercing ability of this test tank gun and ammunition was noted so poor He was considered unable to penetrate reliably even armor plate 10 mm in any useful distance.
The vehicle also missed the radio and had very little room for adding even a gunner and loader tank commander was much too busy with his many signaling tasks between the tanks are produced with small flags that the tank commander nodded when necessary and with a hose with signaling rudimentary equipment like that, it is not surprising that the most used message was Do I followed by showing the sample Year 1922 tank Regiment suggested acquisition the radio equipment 17 FT eight tanks, which would have been reserved for company commanders and platoon leaders, but the suggestion was not approved between crew members signaling in the tank arrived shouting, hand signals and physical contact.
When acquired in Finland in 1919 Renault FT 17 was probably the most advanced tank in the world, but as mentioned the development of the 1920 s and 1930 s reservoir was so fast that it has become seriously outdated in less than two decades 1932 tank company commander reported to the Finnish Defense Forces General Headquarters, the tanks equipped with Renault FT 17 tank units were unfit for mobile warfare Circa 1933 the Finnish army has acquired several new tanks for testing the British manufacturer Vickers -Armstrong These tests resulted in about 32 Vickers 6 ton tanks made in July 1936.
PHOTO One of Weitz trailers, including Finland bought from France in 1919. The original idea was to use these trailers for the Renault FT 17 tanks with tow tractors Latil, who were also purchased at the same time it turned out be a bad idea, since Latil tractor was unable to pull heavy trailers and FT 17 tanks out of the road and even at maximum road speed of the vehicle combination was about equal to that of the FT 17 tank models of tanks and a plastic box are not part of the usual equipment for this trailer - photo taken Panssarimuseo CLICK tO ENLARGE PIC STICKER 149 KB.
Renault FT 17 tanks Finnish go to war - or almost.
While Renault FT 17 was noted obviously outdated when the Finnish army was mobilized in October 1939, two of the four tank companies forming a single tank battalion were still equipped with these tanks The reason was fairly simple - better tanks are not available for the Finnish army at the time, recently ordered 32 tanks Vickers 6 tons could have been used for only equip two tank companies, but all of them, they are not there yet but it was not the only the only problem in addition to saving money Vickers 6-ton tanks were purchased without weapons, so all that had been delivered before the winter war remained unarmed when the war began that essentially left already exceeded 17 FT tanks only as tanks in working in the Finnish inventory at this time, seems to have been ima ge quite realistic regarding the limits of Renault FT 17 tanks, therefore even if 1st and 2nd Tank companies were equipped with them, sending them to fight was considered suicidal ed if he has never been done instead the two tank companies were used to assist in anti-tank training and evacuation of captured Soviet armored vehicles, they sent to Panssarikeskuskorjaamo Armor Center Repair Shop When mobilized 23 October 1939 1 and 2nd tank companies apparently were equipped with 20 tanks Renault FT 17 - 11 of them male and 9 of them women but there is no certainty if they received more FT 17 tanks for later the war.
6th February 1940, the two tank companies received orders that their tanks were used be used as improvised bunkers digging the earth turret down, allowing the Finnish infantry use as posts observation and machine gun gun bunkers to boost their defensive firepower yet most of these tanks still charge does seem to have seen combat use as bunkers or 14th of February 1940 five tanks belonging to the 1 tank company were dug in positions of the turret downwardly along Finnish trenches near lake N IVR However eight FT 17 tanks previously used by the 1st tank company were captured by the Soviets in K m station, where they were waiting to be transported to the front lines and used as bunkers the Soviets also reported the a capture of an additional tank FT 17 February 1940 from the Pero FT 17 tanks of the 2nd Tank Company Station were transported to the Taipale sector, where 10 tanks had to be dug in the new defensive line Volossula Kaarnajoki Linnakangas Bu t since construction this line of defense has not really started, few of them have been transferred to the line Takala rear defensive position on the peninsula Taipale, the Soviets failed to advance far in the war and dug in turret down positions there for infantry use Unohdettujen rintama book suggests that 3rd March 1940 two unarmed Renault FT 17 tank were also delivered to the Vuoratsu island in northern Lake Ladoga the two tanks was to be used to deliver messages and evacuating the wounded islands on the ice of the frozen lake, but have never been used since all Renault FT 17 tanks dug into the turret in the down position and used as bunkers, near Lake N IVR saw combat use, but the rest seems to have been simply left either during the war or immediately after before leaving several of his chariots in the K station mr 1 tank Company had reported that individuals tanks had been disarmed and could not be moved suggesting that they are not in conducting the due state mechanical problems.
PHOTO Map showing the places of importance for the history of Renault FT 17 tanks during the First Finnish Winter War CLICK TO ENLARGE PIC STICKER 115 KB.
With their tanks used as bunkers 1 and 2 tank companies were dismantled and their staff used to create separate tanks and platoons 1 Separate Armor Repair Shop 1 Erillinen Panssarikorjaamo What little of their staff were not used to these new units returned to garrison H tanks battalion meenlinna 13th of February 1940 also 7th Detached pack reservoir 7 Erillinen Panssarivaunujoukkue used to assist formation in the Niinisalo training center in March 1940 was equipped with four FT 17 tanks while the two tank companies equipped with Renault FT 17 tank made very little with these tanks in winter war, they succeeded makes significant contribution to Finnish soldiers evacuating several at least 27 captured Soviet armored vehicles and send them repair for use of the Finnish army while enough strength r Renault FT 17 tank was lost in Finnish winter war Only four of these tanks remained in Finland after the Winter War One was reserved for the museum use by the end of 1941 and moved to this storage Indeed the three other tanks were used as training vehicles in front of the house in November 1941 three other tanks FT 17 were still considered to be used for fortifications, but it never took place after being used as training vehicles they were declared obsolete in June 1943 and scrapped Today, the last Finnish FT 17 remains in tank Museum in Parola.
PHOTO Finland Renault FT-17 tank dug and left at the end of the Winter War Even the Soviets had not bothered to evacuate the tank after the First Winter War, so when Finnish military recaptured Karelian Isthmus in the the year 1941, he was found in the same hole where he had been left in March 1940 photo taken in July 1942 Photo Taipale Peninsula SA-kuva archives, photo number 99344 CLICK tO ENLARGE lA STICKER PIC 155 KB.
St Chamond mod 1921 This strange armored vehicle, which could be used both as a tank and an armored car, was purchased with matches in the year 1925, the vehicle was originally designed as a vehicle rapid recognition, which could be exploited both as a monitoring and wheeled vehicle to achieve good all the mobility of land and a good road speed, but the design proved to be quite unnecessary tracks of the vehicle could be is raised in which case tires were used or completely removed a road speed of 20 km maximum h using tires and 5 km h while on the slopes It also shell riveted with a thick armor of 6 mm no single weapon was a machine gun turret located in the hull before the vehicle was scrapped in 1937.
IMAGE Vickers-Carden-Loyd Mk VI B snowcat in Parola Armor Museum Photo taken Panssarimuseo CLICK TO ENLARGE PIC STICKER 145 KB.
Vickers-Carden-Loyd Mk VI B 6 th of July 1933 the Finnish Army ordered three different types of tanks British manufacturer Vickers-Armstrong in the smallest test for these three tanks was Vickers-Carden-Loyd Mk VI B snowcat, which was delivered in October 1933 2nd weight of about 1 to 36 tons, had petrol engine of 40 horses and the crew of two maximum speed on the road was about 60 km h and armament included a machinegun rifle caliber steering system proved capricious making the precise direction of the snow difficult test vehicle revealed that under conditions typical of Finnish winter Mk VIB was useless snowcat roads outside driving tests and barriers to testing revealed that mobility off the field this vehicle was very poor, which makes it suitable for use in roads and open terrain lack real obstacles terra or in soft ground where the Finnish Army considered unsuitable for combat use, it was used only for training to the Finnish use this single vehicle've earned the nickname satiainen louse - probably for its size and shape while the Finnish army was something impressed by snowcat B Mk VI, also it reached quite a success with nearly 400 vehicles produced by Vickers-Armstrong to the British army and export orders other designs snowcat at least in part based Vickers-Carden-Loyd Mk VI were developed in Czechoslovakia MU4, France EU, CV33 and CV35 Italy, Poland and the Soviet Union TK3 T27 Today this vehicle in the collections of Parola Armor museum.
Vickers-Carden-Loyd 1933 light tank model This light tank was one of the three types of tanks controlled by Vickers-Armstrong in the Finnish Army for testing 6 th of July 1933 As the Mk VI B snowcat and 6 ton tank Alt B, also was delivered to Finland in the 2 nd October 1933, the vehicle 4 to 5 tons were 85 horses Armstrong Sidley gasoline engine, which was appreciated, but the arming of one machinegun placed in a direction of the rotating turret was considered simple and easy, which was good since the vehicle was able to reach a maximum road speed of 52 km / h armor bow before was thick 16mm, while ' other parts of the vehicle were only 4-10 mm armor mobility snow this tank proved to be lower for both old Renault FT 17 and Vickers 6-Ton tank, but its all field mobility requirements in summer was pretty good ground clearance, however, was deemed too low while was impressed by the Finnish army technical reliability of this reservoir, it was deemed improper use in combat and was selected for the training declared obsolete until the war and during the continuation discarded.
Vickers-Carden-Loyd model amphibious tank light in 1931 Unlike the other three tanks Vickers-Armstrong, including Finland has purchased for testing in 1933 paying 8.410 English books, this tank was received test free it arrived in Finland 12 September 1933 and so completely failed in the Finnish tests, he was returned to Vickers only 17 days later, that brief visit of 17 days was the only time that this model of tank n has never been used in Finland it weighing about 3 tons and had modest 7-9 mm armor armament be provided included only one rifle caliber machinegun maximum road speed was impressive 64 km h and the maximum speed of water optimal conditions could also reach even 9 am 6 km This amphibious tank did not earn a real success on the international market.
Tankkirykmentist Panssaripataljoonaan 1919 - 1949 P Hovilainen.
Suomalaiset Panssarivaunujoukot 1919 - 1969 by Pekka Kantakoski.
Punaiset Panssarit, Puna-armeijan panssarijoukot 1918 - Pekka Kantakoski 1945.
Suomalaiset Panssarivaunut 1918 - 1997 Finns Armored Vehicles 1918 - 1997 by Esa muikku ja Jukka Purhonen.
The tanks of the Winter War 1939 - 1940 by Maksym Kolomyjec.
Illustrated Directory of the World tanks World War 1 to the present day by David Miller.
Armored vehicles of the 20th century by Christopher Chant.
The great world of 1916 longshoremen to date by Roger Ford.
Panzerbuch der tanks, parts 1 3 Fritz von Heigl.
Heigl tanks der Panzerbuck, Parts 1 3 O H Hacker, R j, O Icks Merker and G P v Zezchwitz.
Mechanical strength, the British tanks between the wars by David Fletcher.
Armored units of the Russian Civil War Red Army Andrei Aksenov Peter Sarson.
Armored units of the Russian Civil War, white and ally with A Aksenov.
The original brochure Vickers-Carden-Loyd Light Tank by Vickers-Armstrongs Limited.
original booklet The reservoir amphibian Leger Vickers-Carden-Loyd by Vickers-Armstrongs Limited.
Article Jatkosodan aikaiset erilliset panssarivaunuyksik t by the magazine V K m laughed Panssari vol 1 1974.
Article Suurvaltapolitiikka Suomen taustalla Renault-panssarivaunuhankkinan by Jouni Sillanmдki in Panssari flight magazines 1 and 2 2009 2009.
Finnish National Archives S rn INEN, the T10909 archive folder.
National Archives of INEN Finnish rn, an archive folder Perus 6306.
National Archives of INEN Finnish rn, an archive folder Perus 6307.
National Archives of INEN Finnish rn, an archive folder Perus 6317.
National Archives of INEN Finnish rn, an archive folder Perus 1728.
A special thank you to Panssarimuseo Parola Tank Museum.
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Finnish Army 1918 1945 Renault FT 17 TANKS, finnish, army, 1918.