Reservoir Development in the Second World War 1 I THE GREAT WAR Special
No individual was responsible for developing the reservoir Its design can be pulled back to the eighteenth century.
A number of incremental technology developments has brought the development of the reservoir, as we know today, more than its final form was unveiled by necessity by the British army, or rather, the Navy since its initial deployment in World War I was, perhaps surprisingly, overseen by the Royal Navy.
Richard Edgeworth has designed the track, on which the container is made, in its crudest form in 1770. The Crimean War saw a relatively small number of steam tractors developed using caterpillar to maneuver around the muddy ground of the field battle Thus, even in the 1850s the development of the tank seemed awfully close - except that its development dimmed until the turn of the century.
With the internal combustion engine 1885 Development by Gottlieb Daimler, Holt Company builds tractors in the US This used Edgeworth caterpillars, again to facilitate movement on a muddy It was even suggested at the time the Holt machine for military purposes, but the suggestion was never.
In 1899, Frederick Simms has designed what he called a car-war, it contained a motor Daimler, a bulletproof case and was armed with two rotating machine guns developed by Hiram Maxim Whe it was offered to the army British, he was dismissed as unhelpful Lord Kitchener, later minister of war to Britain, considered him a pretty overwhelming mechanical toy.
Development still continued despite the British War Office apparent lack of potential interest A company of the machine, Hornsby Sounds, produced armored Killen-Strait tractor caterpillar this time consisted exclusively of a steel link chain with mesh steel pins.
After the appearance of army officers of World War I first discussed the idea of an armored tracked vehicle that would provide protection against machine gunfire in 1914. Two of the officers, Colonel Ernest Swinton and Colonel Maurice Hankey, both became convinced that it was possible to develop a combat vehicle that could play an important role in the war.
At the beginning of the First World War, Colonel Swinton was sent to the Western Front to write reports on the war after observing first battles where machine gunners could kill thousands of infantrymen advancing towards the enemy trenches, Swinton wrote that a gasoline tractors on the principle of track and shielded with hardened steel plates would be able to counter the machine gun.
General Sir John French and his scientific advisers rejected proposals Swinton Refusing to accept defeat, Colonel Ernest Swinton contacted Colonel Maurice Hankey who took the idea of Winston Churchill, the Minister of Marine Churchill was impressed by the views of Swinton and in February 1915 he set up a committee to look Landships more detail the proposal to develop a new war machine.
The Landships Committee and the Committee of the newly formed inventions agree with the proposal to Swinton and drew up specifications for this new machine This included.
6 a vehicle that could accommodate ten crew, two machine guns and a cannon 2 pounds.
Finally, Lieutenant WG Wilson Naval Air Service and William Tritton of William Foster Co Ltd of Lincoln, were commissioned to produce a small Landship built in great secrecy, the machine received the tank codenamed by Swinton The first Landship prototype been shown to Ernest Swinton and Landship Committee September 11, 1915.
The first tank was given the nickname Little Willie soon followed by Big Willie and, like his predecessors, had a Daimler Weighing engine some 14 tons and carrying 12 foot long track frames, the tank could carry three people in cramped conditions in the case of the maximum speed was three miles per hour on a flat, two miles per hour on the conditions of the actual battlefield terrain indeed.
Little Willie was notably limited in that it was unable to cross trenches Although the performance was disappointing, Ernest Swinton remained convinced that when modified, the tank would allow the Allies to defeat the Central Powers That disabilities however, was quickly corrected by his energetic enthusiasm.
The tank was in many ways a simple extension of the principle of armored car armored cars were popular on the Western Front at the beginning of the war, because at this stage, it was very much a war of movement Their use declined only with the advent war of static trench when their usefulness is questionable.
The role of the Royal Navy in the development of the tank may seem incongruous, but was actually just an extension of the role they had played so far in the use of armored vehicles of the Navy had deployed armored squads for protect Allied airfields in Belgium against the attacks of the enemy It was this experience that Churchill shot his service by offering the support of the Landship.
The first battle tank was ready in January 1916 and has been demonstrated to an audience of high power Convinced, Lloyd George - the Minister of Munitions - ordered the production of heavy Mark I model to start Whippets deemed lighter entered service the next year.
It was not until 1916 that the tanks were introduced in the battle before the armored vehicles were used that had no off-road capabilities of tanks Initially, the Royal Navy has provided crews for the tank On September 15, 1916, first British tanks were used in the history of the battle was made September 15, 1916, when captain HW Mortimore guided a D1 tank in action at Delville wood notorious initial use was to ensure that it worked and also revitaise the attack on the Somme was atit stalled tanks were sent early this morning, with the infantry behind to attack the German trenches the first attack, a tank was sent, and an enemy trench won the reservoir was then hit by a shell, and was off the main offensive, three of the six tanks bogged down, it broke down, and s other two continued toward the enemy line slowly, supporting the infantry, although the infantry move forward, away from the protection of tanks.
The first offensive of the tank had succeeded in the fact that they were afraid of the Germans, and they had not immediately turned off a lawsuit if some were disappointed concerns raised included the fact that for slots were too thin for be able to see much while moving, and they were targets for the enemy shot; and the exhaust is too noisy and heat could ignite the fuel tank Another issue raised was the amount of sludge that has found its way into the treads causing them to block up.
Shortly after thirty-six tanks led the way to an attack in Flers Although the attack itself was successful, the sudden appearance of the new weapon stunned their German opponents, the first tanks have proved notoriously unreliable.
This was partly because the British, under the commander Sir Douglas Haig, stretched them before they are really ready to fight to try to break the stalemate of trench They broke down and often became abandoned - such as stuck in a muddy trench - usually anticipated.
Conditions for tank crews were also far from ideal The heat generated inside the tank was huge and often smoke almost choked men inside operators, however, is the first tanks proven by operating in what amounted to appalling conditions.
The first battle honor awarded to a tank operator went private A Smith, received the Military Medal for his actions at Delville Wood September 15, 1916.
Meanwhile, the French, who were aware of the experiment British tank, conducted their independent designs, but they remained somewhat skeptical about its potential; their attention at the time was firmly on producing increasingly battlefield artillery.
Nevertheless, the French had their Colonel Swinton, a man named Colonel Estienne.
He managed to convince the French commander in chief, Joseph Joffre, the potential of the battlefield of the tank as an aid to the infantry.
Joffre never a champion of the offensive spirit, in agreement with the result that a French initial order of 400 Schneider their first tank of the factory name who produced 400 tanks and St CHAUMOND was placed.
The first French use of tanks was April 16, 1917, and faired much worse than the English attack There were more tanks involved, but many of them broke down, and those who do reach the enemy lines had no support resulting in having to beat new pension ensountered the main problems included the temperature, too hot for any human being to function safely and vibration, the guns are out of their holdings has french tanks not had the ability to cross trenches as did the British a problem was discovered as a piercing bullet could go through the walls of the tanks because of these problems, several improvements were made to the design, change was amde to the slopes to reduce the collection of mud and unditching beam was added a piece of wood that ran along the tracks s i needed to give handle some more.
Similarly, Bullecourt in April May 1917, the Australians made a great dissatisfaction with the performance of the tank.
Tanks were deployed even in the infamous, almost swampy conditions of the Third Battle of Ypres more commonly known as Passchendaele They are pressed quickly into the quagmire and were entirely without profit.
In what many see as the first truly successful demonstration of the potential of the reservoir, the whole body of British tanks composed of 474 tanks fought at the Battle of Cambrai 20 November 1917, although the French may claim his successful use more earlier at Malmaison.
In a sweepingly successful start to battle twelve miles from the German front was breached, with the capture of 10,000 German prisoners, 123 guns and 281 machine guns this morning attack caught the Germans by surprise, first the offensive began with what was then the standard tactic first bombardimg line with shrapnel, gas, etc. Then, the tanks began to move forward, crashing through the wire leading infantry and cavalry through the weir tanks used to fill the trenches and behind the men used it to cross the attack was up that the Flesquières Enriched succesful German position has been met, the tanks could not continue, many ran out of fuel.
Unfortunately for the British that first great success was effectively canceled in German against attacks because the British did not have sufficient infantry to exploit the breach they had created.
However, the successful use of tanks at Cambrai restored in the development dwindling faith Tank Army U S took note and began developing its own tank series.
He also acted as a stimulus for the German army oddly hesitant, who had expressed persistent doubts about the value of the field of battle tank.
They too began to accelerate the production of their own models, although they pretended enthusiasm for their cause.
Body US tank has adopted the use of French Renault tanks, light vehicles six tons designed for close infantry support About 200 of them were used in action in St Mihiel and again the battle of the Meuse-Argonne during late September early October, although the losses were higher in the last action.
The first display successfully German tanks came April 24, 1918, thirteen German models, primarily A7V s, engaged British and Australian infantry Villers-Bretonneux.
Succeeded in driving back the British and the Australians this meeting was to become famous as the site of the first tank compared to the commitment of three British Mark IVs tank fought three German A7Vs south of Villers-Bretonneux, the British managing to repel chariots German.
On July 4 1918, the tank has been used in a way that helped fashion the method in which it was deployed in future battles General John Monash, commander of the Australian Corps, launched an attack at Le Hamel unleashing a coordinated barrage of tanks, artillery and combat aircraft, all designed to clear a path for advancing infantry.
Monash saw no point to try to gain ground using infantry to attack the positions of enemy machine guns rather he believed in using technology to facilitate a relatively uneventful infantry advance with chariots their head.
His given point of view because, Monash was victorious at Le Hamel in just 93 minutes Other commanders noted.
Tanks were increasingly used during the Allied advance in the summer of 1918.
During the French attack at Soissons 18-26 July no less than 336 Schneiders, St Chamond and were made to support Renaults combined French and American infantry.
However, deployment of the reservoir on the scale was reached Aug. 8, 1918, 604 Allied tanks helped a lead of 20 Allied mile on the Western Front.
By the time the war was ending the British, the first to use them, have produced some 2636 tanks The French produced a little more, 3870 The Germans, ever convinced of its merits, despite their record for innovation technology, produces only 20.
With the French tanks prove more useful than their British counterparts they continued to be used beyond the war.
The French Renault tank T F continued to grow in popularity as the concept of the tank as an aid to nearly advancing infantry prospered.
Both the U S and Italy produced their own designs of tanks which were based on the French model Renault, reflecting its design forces the Italians have produced the Fiat 3000 and the U S M1917.
Tank design continued to improve beyond the war and the tank, which helped lay of trench warfare, the movement restored on the battlefield Its widespread use remains today.
Roll of Honor Overview World War 1 Tanks, honor, world, tanks, Colonel Ernest Swinton.
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