Rice and beans Haitian
Haitian rice is most likely to West African origin has been grown in Haiti for more than 200 years Rice is the staple food in Haiti until the end of the 1980s, Haiti was self-sufficient in its production in the mid-1980s, the national rice production in Haiti has rapidly decreased rice imports exceeded the 1990 national rice production this many displaced Haitian farmers, traders and millers whose employment opportunities are extremely limited Two factors are identified as the most important causes of the decline of Haitian rice production the adoption of trade liberalization policies and the environment of trade liberalization policies at the center involved the decline Haiti the lowest rates on rice imports now, the rice import tariff is 3, which is much lower than the rights e customs duties on imports of rice from all other countries of the Caribbean Community, the Haitian market is now flooded with US rice Miami rice imports and some have accused the United States of dumping their rice in Haiti impact the decline in Haiti's rice production has been devastating for the rural population that is already desperately poor.
Haiti was once an independent producer of rice, import little to no rice consumed by its population every year Yet since the 1980s, Haiti's rice production has collapsed, threatening the economic well-being of Haitian rice farmers and tens of thousands of other people involved in the cultivation, processing and sale of Haitian rice Although this decline can be attributed to a variety of causes including the poor condition of the natural environment of Haiti, and several other factors that have handicapped Haitian farmers ranging from lack of access to capital, poor conditions of irrigation canals, trade liberalization policies are central to this phenomenon Since the adoption of trade policies that have most open of Haiti to trade in all the Caribbean nations, large quantities of cheap US rice imports entering the market Haitian Although most people involved in the debate on trade liberalization in Haiti agree on this point, the various camps come worm conclusions are different in that the collapse of rice production means to the people of Haiti this case study will provide descriptive information about the Haitian rice and will include a discussion of the causes of the decline in production, the impact of this decline, and offer a potential cure.
With corn, cassava, millet, and fruit, rice is a major element of contemporary Haitian supply 1 It was unknown in Haiti, however, during the days of the Taino, the inhabitants of the staple food in Haiti the Taino people were yucca, better known as cassava or tapioca in a transformed form 2 in cassava is still eaten in Haiti today, it is still prepared using the method developed by the Taino Taino regime was also meat of small mammals and fish 3.
It was once believed that the Europeans brought rice to the island, but this theory is disputed in Professor Judith Carney in his black rice pound African origins of rice cultivation in the Americas Professor Carney discusses West African culture rice before their enslavement by Europeans There is also evidence that some West Africans brought rice varieties with them to the Americas and cultivated culture both for owners of European plantations and private gardens for their they own consumption this book focuses on the cultivation of rice in the United States South, Haitians are also descended from a mix of people mostly from West Africa and it is therefore possible to Haitian rice is original west African.
Two types of rice are grown in Haiti mountain and swamp rice upland rice varieties are subsistence crops, they are consumed by farmers producing culture to meet the needs of their family Marshes rice varieties are intended consumption in urban areas, marsh varieties are grown in paddy fields in the Artibonite valley mountain rice varieties are grown in the Northern Plains, Leogane, and some of the southern regions of the country 4 swamp rice varieties are white blan, yellow Jaun, chojd, Ms. gougousse the cr you and rexoro mountain rice varieties include duriz Leogane and tejizia These indigenous rice varieties are known to be more nutritious than rice imports United States have replaced the gougousse lady and the cream varieties you are top Haitian rice farmers have much specialized in the produc tion in recent years because their production has a higher profit margin than other varieties.
Rice is generally preferred corn and millet, among rural and urban populations and is consumed daily in the past, the urban population of Haiti has consumed varieties of top quality indigenous rice; rich people, urban consumed varieties of marsh while the rural population consumed mountain varieties This changed dramatically with the flood of cheap, imported rice on the Haitian market, as urban populations and rural people consume large quantities of imported rice.
Rice is prepared in several ways in the traditional Haitian food Most often, it is prepared in the main course of the meal eaten with beans Another favorite is when boiled in water that has been previously soaked the fungus called djon djon, causing the rice to turn black and take the distinct flavor of djon djon It is also used to make rice pudding, which is a favorite dessert of many Haitians.
Until the 1980s, Haitian rice farmers have produced the vast majority of the rice consumed in Haiti This situation quickly changed in the mid-1980s has increased dramatically in the mid-1990s During this period, consumption Total rice increased in response to population growth, which should also be provided during this period, the percentage of consumed rice imports has increased and exceeded nationally produced rice in mid 1990, see Figure 1 and table 1 the US rice imports is called Miami rice because rice, like most US exports to Haiti are shipped from the largest port in Miami, Florida now form the most of the consumption of rice in Haiti.
Table 1 Haiti and rice production US rice imports, from 1985 to 2000.
reduction of import tariffs is a key element of political liberalization that are advocated strongly and repeatedly mandated by international financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund IMF and World Bank loan programs they negotiate with developing countries in 1994, the Haitian government has entered into a new agreement with the IMF which contained a structural adjustment medium-term strategy which provides sweeping liberalization measures 6 exchanges in 1995, when the agreement is came into affect, Haiti's tariffs on rice imports were cut dramatically from 35 to the current level of the 3 tariffs limit on rice imports is 50 7 by comparison, the common external tariff on rice in the Caribbean Community CARICOM area for rice in 1999 was 25. 8
Haiti extremely low import duties on rice is part of the trade liberalization policies that earned it a rating of 1 of 1999 Index Restrictive Trade ness IMF, making Haiti the least trade restrictive countries in the Caribbean 9 Yet in almost 10 years that have passed, Haiti also remained the least developed countries in the Caribbean, despite its openness to trade, critics of trade liberalization have been quick to point Following the adoption of these local rice production policies in Haiti has significantly decreased Although most people involved in the debate on trade liberalization in Haiti agree on this point, the various camps come to very different conclusions about what the collapse of rice production means for the Haitian people.
Rice tariff reductions on imports into Haiti has made it more difficult for local rice producers to compete with imports An article published in 1999 after the evaluation of the agricultural policy and food prices in Haiti found that reducing tariffs on rice and corn, lower retail and farm prices and increased consumption and imports 10 This is also confirmed by the IMF, which in a 2001 report indicates trade liberalization has contributed to a sharp increase in rice imports at the same time, domestic production has decreased considerably 11.
Some argue that the resulting flood of relatively cheap rice imports mainly from the United States had a negative impact on Haiti The Haitian declining demand for rice has been devastating for a rural population already desperate rice farmers are some the most vulnerable members of the population; the alternative employment opportunities for farmers in Haiti are extremely limited.
Moreover, competition between the Haitian and US rice producers are not exactly just While the US rice production subsidized by various mechanisms 12, the small, struggling national rice industry in Haiti does not receive support rice farmers do not receive government export subsidies or other types of domestic support according to mark Weisbrot, co-director of economic and policy research center in Washington, you can t expect a country like Haiti to compete global markets immediately If you look at countries that have managed to significantly increase their per capita income - countries like Japan, South Korea and Taiwan - you will find everything that made good under some kind of protection 13 .
Several Haitian and international NGOs claimed that the United States is guilty of dumping rice in Haiti The United States now dominates the rice market in Haiti Most US rice exports are managed by one American company - American Rice Inc. - which enjoyed a near monopoly position in 14 Haiti the Haitian government should check if US companies sell rice at a fair price Click here for a more detailed discussion of the US rice dumping in Haiti.
Supporters of trade liberalization say that the drop in rice prices has benefited Haitian society A 1999 study on the agricultural and food price policies in Haiti found that the lowest retail price of rice which resulted from the declining rice prices means that consumers in urban areas are better 15 further IMF officials have said that due to the influx of US rice cheap, food prices have remained fairly stable in the 16 report countries in Haiti in 2001, the IMF expressed doubts that the increase in import prices would reverse the decline in domestic production of rice It states that the supply response of rice producers in the price increase is long and uncertain 17.
The environmental degradation and the decline in Haiti's rice production.
There is a close link between agricultural production and environmental degradation in Haiti unsustainable agricultural cultivation techniques that are designed to maximize crop yields with little regard for soil conservation are the norm in Haiti Accordingly , soil erosion has become a major problem in Haiti soil erosion problem in turn reduces the productivity of land to meet the growing food needs of the nation facing agricultural productivity has declined, Haitian farmers have used more technology intensive farming, unsustainable land that accelerated soil erosion This vicious cycle has been underway for more than 200 years of deforestation and over decreased rainfall impacted deeply negative on agriculture.
Haiti was populated only by a small group of indigenous Taino called until the end of 1500. They, used for agricultural cultivation techniques that have minimal impact on the land they have left the rainforest almost technical intact and employees are credited to preserve good soil health the Tainos system of agriculture was also virtually maintenance they raised their crops in a conuco, a large mound that was designed specifically for agriculture they conuco packed with sheets to protect against soil erosion and sets a variety of crops to ensure that something would grow 18 with the arrival of Europeans starting with Columbus in 1492 which was followed by settlers in the 1500s, the genocide that destroyed completely the Taino people of Haiti, and the arrival of Africans to the island, the situation changed.
With the settlement of the Spaniards and later the French colonists, the plantation system and agriculture export-oriented were established in Haiti in the 1600s Europeans established sugar plantations throughout the Caribbean including Haiti, which loaded the fragile ecosystems of the Caribbean islands for close to 200 years of sugar dramatically depleted vegetation countries where was produced, permanently depleting the resources of the island base 19 Haiti was the one of the largest producers of sugar during the colonial period Unfortunately, the news of Haiti independent farmers continued to cultivate the land weakened in a way that was unbearable after the Haitian revolution.
Peasant agriculture has contributed significantly to soil erosion and loss of soil fertility in Haiti 20 The political and economic isolation of the nation after independence and poverty that persisted pushed farmers in the land increasingly marginal as they tried to produce crops enough to meet their subsistence needs and for export large pieces of marginal land have been cleared to make way for peasant agriculture that has contributed substantially to the problem of soil erosion in Haiti addition in bauxite was extracted Haiti operation of this non-renewable mineral caused more deforestation and land clearing than any other natural resource-based activity in the second half of the 20th century 21 land is now largely deforested and suffered a decline in annual rainfall Click here for more detai ls on connecting agricultural practices and environmental issues in Haiti.
In addition to the above mentioned factors, the decline in rice production was also affected by certain obstacles faced by Haitian farmers These barriers are universal experience of farmers in less developed countries of the world, they are beyond the scope of trade and environment database which this case study is part of what I have decided not to focus on them, they understand.
Lack of access to capital little private funding at their disposal is subject to extremely high interest rates.
The lack of ability to purchase varieties with high production of rice.
Lack of storage facilities that forces farmers to sell rice immediately after harvest at prices declined, and.
A land system has left many farmers holding small non-contiguous parts of the earth.
More than two thirds of the Haitian population is engaged or dependent agricultural rice production millers, and those involved in the rice trade is a population in the hundreds of thousands of their threat moving the health of the economy and Haitian society, which already suffers from high unemployment and widespread poverty table 2 an evaluation of agricultural policy and food prices in Haiti by Eric Icart and James Trapp in 1999 concluded that the import duties rice and corn have been reduced, the level of agricultural income decreased due to negative impacts on rural incomes 22.
Local rice production fell by more than 110,000 tonnes in 1985 to around 80 000 tonnes in 1995.
Rice farmers have few alternatives when to stop growing rice because they can not earn enough money from their crops to meet the subsistence needs of their families Some farmers grow other crops From many farmers find that they are unable to grow alternative crops and to abandon their land, they either go to a city of the capital Port-au-Prince as the preferred destination or immigrate to the surrounding nations in the Caribbean, Central America and South, or the United States.
Those who move to cities trying to find work in the few factories in the country often work very hard to find newcomers are more likely to major cities in rural areas enter the informal labor, petty trade or fail to find a job and join the ranks of the poor in a feature article in the Miami Herald on this subject, Henri Bazin, president of the Association of Haitian economists and a former employee of the IMF said cheap imports and the inability of the government to support farmers hunting land and in the cities of slums booming 24.
The ancient rice producers who chose to immigrate to other countries take greater risks than those who choose to remain in Haiti is difficult to get a work visa in another country for the vast majority of rural Haitians poor most of them engage in illegal immigration and are put in grave danger when they flee Haiti This danger is pronounced for those trying to enter the United States the boat trip is extremely dangerous and many are killed sea in a case in 2000.
Dozens poor rice farmers and their families decided they could not bear life in Haiti They put their meager savings, bought a rickety boat and headed north to the Turks administered by Colombia and Caicos Halfway in the 150-mile journey, the ship capsized, killing all 60 on board.
We mourn now, because we lost so many of our family members, said minced Bernard, one of the villagers who stayed behind, who has heard of the disaster on the radio, but the same thing will go on and on, because people here have more hope 25.
Those who are able to immigrate to other nations face a difficult life they often work in the informal or underground economy, barely earning a salary to meet their subsistence needs, they are often victims of violence the country of destination because of their irregular status.
Experience Muracin Claircin, a displaced Haitian rice farmer is summarized in the following quote.
Muracin Claircin sold his plot of land, left his wife and two children, and in 1000 US paid for a place on a boat to take him to the US, I had to do it because I could not stand my family growing rice, he said.
After a tortuous week at sea drifting without enough food or water, the captain told them they would have to turn back because the ship's compass was broken now back with his family, Muracin neither money nor land and said that, given the opportunity, he would try again, he still can not live on rice cultivation.
There's no incentive to grow more rice is almost impossible to make a profit, said Muracin Claircin 26.
For rice imports exceeded the 1990 national rice production, moving many Haitian farmers and farm workers with little side job opportunities adoption from Haiti of trade liberalization policies and environmental issues have played an important role in the collapse of the national rice production the trade liberalization policies at their center have involved the reduction of tariffs on rice imports now, the import tariff on rice s Haiti is 3, which is much lower than tariffs on imports rice of all countries of the Caribbean Community on the Haitian rice market is now flooded rice Miami in the United States and some have accused of dumping the US its rice in Haiti.
This case shows how the liberalization often trade can have devastating consequences for rural populations in the developing world today Haiti is the least restrictive country trade in the Caribbean, but despite this openness to trade, Haiti remains the most countries poor Caribbean While the pro-liberalization camp believe that these policies are more useful than hurtful in Haiti because they have led to a decline in rice prices, the decline in rice prices has benefited mainly from the population, relatively rich urban liberalization of the country was very hurtful for the rural poor who find it impossible to earn a decent living in rice production.
5 Speech and Disagreement Status and Ongoing.
Haiti and the United States are members of the World Trade Organization, Haiti has been a WTO member since 1996 27 The Haitian government could launch a complaint against the US to the World Trade Organization for violation of ADA negotiated in the WTO's Uruguay Round Agreement on implementation of Article VI or 6 of the General Agreement on tariffs and trade 1994, allows governments to act against dumping where there is genuine material injury to the domestic industry competes by imposing 28.
Dumping is defined as a situation of discrimination in international prices, the price of a product sold in the importing country is lower than the price of this product in the exporting country market Thus, in the simplest of cases, is identified simply dumping based on price on both markets, however, the situation is rarely, if ever, that simple, and in most cases it is necessary to conduct a series of complex analytical steps to determine the appropriate price in the exporting country market known as the normal value and the appropriate price in the importing country's market known as the export price in order to make a proper comparison 29 that the Haitian government to show that successfully US companies are dumping rice in Haiti, calculate the extent of dumping how the export price is compared to the market price Inside the exporter, and show that the dumping is causing injury or threatening to do 30 En gaging in this type of action will require lengthy investigations in the member countries of the US rice industry must inform the anti-dumping Committee on all preliminary and final anti-dumping actions and to detail They must also report on all investigations twice a year in case of dispute, members are encouraged to consult They can also use the Rules of procedure the WTO dispute 31 it will take time and probably resources beyond what the Haitian government can spend on this question at this time.
The import duties on rice from Haiti are affected by several trade agreements and institutions Haiti is a member of the Caribbean Community CARICOM, a regional organization that tries to create a single market and economy among the states of Caribbean 32 Haiti became a full member of CARICOM Caribbean Community 3 July 2002 and the Haitian government has adjusted its rates in accordance with the TEC common external tariff of CARICOM in October 2003 33 Haiti is a member of the Group Caribbean Pacific Africa ACP Yet these regional trade organizations are not the appropriate forum in which Haiti since the party to the dispute, the United States is not part of these groups.
As a member of the WTO, Haiti tried to bring its trade policies in accordance with WTO agreements Regarding the Agreement on Agriculture negotiated in the Uruguay Round, Haiti provides no subsidy export its agricultural sector 34 and offers, in fact, no domestic support for agriculture 35.
To date, Haiti has never been party to a trade dispute in the WTO and that Haiti has not yet incorporated the ADA in its national policies 36, the United States has done.
If the sides of the WTO with Haiti, it could allow Haiti to take anti-dumping measures against US rice imports anti-dumping measures means that Haiti would be allowed to charge an extra import duty on the particular product in that case, the rice exporting country concerned this case the United States to bring the price of the normal value or to remove injury to the domestic industry in the importing country 37 would help Haiti to protect its domestic industry without violating under its agreement with the IMF and the World Bank in 1994, the government of Haiti signed a structural adjustment agreement with the International monetary Fund and the World Bank, which has called for the rapid liberalization of agriculture and reduced rates of Haiti on rice imports at the current rate of 3. 38
Imposing trade restrictions, even a slight increase in rice import tariffs would help protect national rice production in Haiti The difference in price between rice imports and domestic varieties shorten This is demonstrated by comparing the price of imports rice and rice Ms. Gougousse, a variety of Haitian rice quality in the mid 1990s, there was a significant difference in the price of imported rice and Mrs. Gougousse rice in 1998, it was reduced to see significantly Figure 2 and table 4 therefore, even a small tariff on rice imports would significantly enhance the ability of Haitian rice farmers to compete with US rice producers.
Table 4 Comparison of prices of the local variety on imported rice 48.
Haitian rice is exported; local rice farmers who supplied the rice only in the domestic market for decades lose their share of this market to cheaper imports Although Haiti was once self-sufficient in rice production in the last few decades, it is now heavily dependent on imports Currently Haiti is the second largest importer of rice among the countries of Central America and the Caribbean see table 5 compared to north American states, it is revealed that Haiti imports more rice than Canada see table 6.
The true nature of Haiti's dependence on rice imports is revealed when considering rice imports per capita Haiti now imports 39 85000 tons per 1 million people see Table 7 This makes second by Haiti imports rice per capita only in Cuba between North America, Central America and the Caribbean countries see table 8 over Haiti ranked 5th among the top 10 per capita rice importers in the world.
The following ten countries are the largest in Indonesia rice importers, Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Senegal, Japan, Ivory Coast and South Africa with the exception of Japan alone, they are all developing countries their combined total rice imports 11,350 tons and on average, they import 1,589 tons of 4000.
The following ten countries are the largest rice exporters in Thailand, Vietnam, India, the United States, China, Pakistan, Uruguay, Egypt, Burma and Australia They currently export a total 24,200 thousand tons of rice and on average they export in 2732 17 thousand metric tons each from the United States, which is Haiti's largest trading partner, is also its main source of rice imports in 2000 to United States exported more than 200,000 tons of rice per year, making Haiti the fourth largest market for US rice the world after Japan, Mexico and Canada 49.
Table 5 Rice Imports by Country - Central America Caribbean Region top 5 importers only.
Rice production and trade in Haiti has affected and influenced by a number of environmental factors, Haiti is a mountainous country with a relatively small amount of arable land An important part of the arable land of Haiti is lost each year because of environmental issues them deforestation, soil erosion and reduced rainfall which all occur due to unsustainable agricultural practices going back to farming systems established by European settlers and peasant agriculture that followed the loss of productive land has intensified the stagnation in the agricultural sector, which led to the adoption of more intensive farming practices, which enhance unsustainable environmental issues about 15 000 hectares of farmland were lost to erosion annual 51 Haiti is caught in a vicious circle connecting the degradation of the environment, pau erty and agricultural stagnation.
Haiti has been deforested by His original forest covered 93 countries, today 3 of this forest still see Table 9 In 1873, Samuel Hazard wrote that the mountains of Haiti with few exceptions are covered with vegetation somehow, but mainly of the most valuable types of tress 52 Many of the trees mentioned have been cleared to make way for the cultivation of sugar by Europeans in the mid-seventh century 53 Lumber was also sent to Europe that was COMPLETED all but cleared by this point to subsequent commercial purposes when the vapor was seen as the main source of energy for the sugar mills, forests have been depleted so they can be used as fuel for the plants 54 After the revolution Haiti, the plantation system was destroyed, the land was divided into small portions which was due and cultivated by the peasantry limited by the amount r ith respect small arable land apportioned to them, these small farmers cultivate marginal land on mountains more time using intensive farming practices, unsustainable emerged as the Haitian peasantry attempted to meet its subsistence needs more and more face growing pressures of population and decreasing land productivity.
Table 9 Haiti - Environmental statistics - Forest 55.
Table 10 Haiti - Environment Statistics - Water Resources 56.
Percentage withdrawals actual renewable water resources.
Total 27750 square km land 27560 square km of water of 190 square km.
Tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds.
Arable land 20 32 12 permanent crops other 7 66 98 1998 is.
massive deforestation much of the remaining woodlands are cleared for agriculture and used as fuel; soil erosion; inadequate supply of drinking water.
Part of biodiversity, climate change, desertification, law of the sea, spill, marine life conservation, protection of the ozone layer signed but not ratified hazardous waste Nuclear Test Ban.
21 Name, type and species diversity Not applicable.
22 impacts on resources and high and structural effect.
Massive deforestation and unsustainable agricultural practices that contributed to two problems facing rice cultivation and erosion of other cultures floors and a decrease in rainfall Earth in Artibonite where most of the rice is grown, is becoming drier and less productive every year this trend seems unlikely to change, given the structural reasons now the environmental crisis in Haiti.
In an article published in 2001, Dr. Elizabeth Thomas-Hope summarized the findings of its study on the links between economic development and the environment in Haiti following.
Haiti not only demonstrated a downward cycle of environmental and economic trends, but also the role of governance in the production and strengthening the relationship between the options available in the database of environmental resources and the economic decisions of Characteristics governance had an impact on the interrelationship of the environment and the economy at all levels of scale, from household to national government, of the factors relating to market access, ownership issues of resources and ability to effectively manage human resources and the environment 58.
It seems unlikely that the Government of Haiti, with its weak institutions will be able to solve the environmental problems of the country in the current conditions.
The collapse of Haitian rice production has had an impact on Haiti's Culture Rural life changing as Haitian rice farmers are forced to leave their land to the cities or to immigrate to other countries Haitian regime now changed, indigenous rice varieties, most of which were known to be more nutritious, and a higher overall quality than Miami rice, are now difficult to acquire.
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Trade and Dissappearance Haitian rice, trade, Haitian rice.