Популярні відео - Директива щодо відпрацьованого електричного й електронного обладнання і Електроніка
Waste Recycling Electrical and Electronic Equipment WEEE.
Recycling of WEEE is a specialized part of the waste industry and recycling There is a sub-sector due largely to the implementation of the WEEE Directive of origin rapidly growing UK by Regulation WEEE 2006, came the associated requirements  for recovery, reuse, recycling and treatment В ofВ WEEE В electrical and electronic waste equipment Regulation WEEE 2013 Regulations “the ” came into force in the UK on 1 in January 2014 and replaced the 2006 Regulations the new Regulation transposing the main provisions of Directive 2012 19 EU WEEE which recasts the previous Directive 2002 96 CE These regulations also provide a wider range of products to be covered by the Directive from 1 January 2019.
Further information on the WEEE Regulations 2013 is in the government's rating guide produced by the Department for Innovation and skills.
Each year, about 2 million tonnes of WEEE items are discarded by households and UK businesses WEEE includes most of the products that have a plug or need a battery There are ten major categories WEEE currently described in the Regulation see Appendix 1 and 2 of the Regulation, ie.
Large household appliances refrigerators Eg, stoves, microwave, washing machine and dishwasher.
Small household appliances vacuum cleaners e g, irons, toasters and clocks.
IT and telecommunications equipment †e g personal computers, copying equipment, telephones and pocket calculators.
Consumer equipment e g radios, televisions, hi-fi, camcorders ad musical instruments.
A linear illumination device e g and compact fluorescent and high intensity discharge lamps.
Electrical and electronic tools †exercises e g, saws and sewing machines, electric lawnmowers.
Toys, leisure and sports equipment Electric trains e g, game consoles and running machines.
Medical devices machinery e g uninfected dialysis, analyzers, freezers and cardiology medical equipment.
Monitoring equipment and control of e g smoke sensors, thermostats and heating controllers.
ATMs e g hot drinks dispensers and ATMs.
The scope of the regulation will be extended in January 2019 to cover other categories of electrical and electronic equipment EEE see Appendices 3 and 4 of the Regulations for more information.
Large household appliances, such as ovens, refrigerators, washing machines are currently over 40 of WEEE, but there are large volumes of other equipment such as computer equipment mainly computers, televisions more than two million discarded each year, small appliances, such as kettles and hairdryers, electric tools, digital watches, electronic toys and medical devices.
These articles contain a wide variety of e g a TV materials contains on average 6 metal and glass 50, while a cooker 89 is metal and glass 6 only found other materials include plastics, ceramics and precious metals.
Due to this complex mix of product types and materials, some of which are dangerous, including arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury and some flame retardants WEEE recycling poses a number of health risks that must be properly operated, for example, exposure to substances released during processing such as mercury released from fluorescent tubes, lead and phosphorus pentachloride as a result of the rupture of the cathode ray tubes.
It is important to note that if effective measures are taken to control exposure to mercury and lead then normally control exposure to other hazardous substances should be sufficient.
The exact treatment of WEEE can vary greatly depending on the category of WEEE and the technology that is used Some treatment facilities use large-scale grinding technology, while others use a dismantling process, which can be manual, В automated or a combination of both.
For dismantling, processing facilities must comply with the minimum requirements stipulated in the document DEFRA guide on the best treatment techniques for recovering and recycling BATRRT and treatment of electronic waste and WEEE electronic This provides a useful overview of standards for the treatment, recycling and recovery of materials from WEEE It describes the requirements for the elimination of certain substances and components, see the specific substances guide components below.
For grinding, treatment facilities may be required to remove these components and substances used Depends on the size and type of technology, although some dangerous components and substances must be removed in advance to avoid risks to health and safety and property damage.
WRAP Waste Resources Action Program has made available online counseling of good practice on collection and treatment of WEEE, including sections on the treatment of WEEE and health and safety policies and procedures aimed at different audiences, including AATFs and waste management companies as the inspectors may find useful.
The fluids - these are generally present in the heating and cooling appliances, such as refrigerators and freezers cooling system and oil filled radiators The WEEE Directive requires the elimination of all WEEE liquid fluids should be safely removed prior to crushing or appliances cooling grinding operations containing refrigerants refrigerators and most refrigerators freezers reaching the waste stream are between 10 and 15 years and are therefore likely to contain ODS substances depleting ' ozone as CFCs and HCFCs units manufactured after 1994 are unlikely to contain CFCs.
Refrigerators and freezers identified as containing ammonia must have their stripped ammonia and transferred to a suitable container pending disposal In addition to presenting a risk of fire and explosion, ammonia is potentially dangerous for the environment and human health.
The capacitors containing PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls - PCBs historically have been widely used in electrical equipment such as capacitors and transformers, however, their use in open applications was widely banned in 1972 and they have not been used in the manufacturing new equipment since 1986. the plants that were installed before 1986 were allowed to continue until the end of their working life Thus, assume that capacitors manufactured before 1976 contain PCBs However, unless a device is over 20 years the possibility that contains capacitors containing PCBs is far all uses of PCBs were to be eliminated by the year 2000 for guidance re capacitors containing polychlorinated biphenyls “Do see you know how to work safely with PCBs.
Mercury containing components, such as switches or backlighting.
Mercury is used in fluorescent lamps, medical equipment, data transmission, telecommunications and cellphones Its use in electrical and electronic equipment has dropped considerably in recent years and its use is prohibited, except for certain exempt uses 2006 in addition to the batteries, most other products containing mercury may be on a printed circuit board thus removing the circuit board would result in the removal of most competent containing mercury such as switches.
More and more non-CRT displays such as LCD flat LCD display, up laptop and desktop monitors and plasma screens are entering the waste stream and requiring specialized treatment in 2010, it is estimated only 9 million flat screens were probably sold If evidence suggests that, since mid-2009, there is a switch on the LED screens backlit which is relatively slow and the use of mercury-containing backlights remain it is considered that there will be over 145 000 tonnes of flat screens in the waste stream by 2016 17 one of the key issues surrounding the treatment and recovery of end of life panels dishes is the presence mercury containing fluorescent backlights needed in particular to illuminate the LCD, laptop and desk top screen displays behind the plasma screens NB does not have a hom manufacturers I hazard declare an average of 3 to 5mg of mercury backlight and average TV 37” can have up to 18 lamps, but does research suggests its value is often higher current The main option for treatment is manual disassembly to remove the backlights containing mercury for specialized treatment and separation of flow remaining materials This has implications high labor costs and potential health and safety for more information, see the WRAP report on a surface flat display panel recycling technologies.
Toner cartridges, liquid and paste, as well as the color toner †used in printers, facsimile machines and copying machines that should be deleted all intact and to avoid the dispersion of toner and stored in suitable labeled containers.
Asbestos waste and components which contain asbestos asbestos †was used in older appliances such as coffee makers, toaster and iron asbestos was also a component of some electric heaters and other items who benefited resistance properties to heat modern appliances materials are not allowed to contain asbestos; However, the treatment facility operators should be vigilant for items that could contain asbestos devices that are more than 20 years could contain asbestos and should be carefully examined and treated accordingly a detailed risk assessment , training and safe systems of work are required for handling products that may contain asbestos work should be organized so that materials may contain asbestos are identified and the uninitiated work without adequate controls are taken in accordance with the control of asbestos at work Regulations 2006.
The lead and other substances including phosphorous pentachloride in picture tubes †lead and other substances hazardous to health such as pentacholoride phosphorus can be released in the glass processing to remove the fluorescent coating.
The components containing refractory ceramic fibers FCR †mainly used in heating linings FCR respirable oven are classified as category 2 carcinogen Although FCR can be used in both domestic appliances and building heating appliances, insulation material used in household electrical appliances are more likely to contain components based on mineral wool rather than FCR devices that may contain FCR must be examined to determine if they contain refractory ceramic fibers and suitable controls put in place before removing see further guidance on FCR.
The components containing radioactive substances †can be found in a variety of equipment in many commercial establishments filling level sensors e g, static eliminators, luminised radium dials old finishing phones, as well as smoke detectors.
Safety †machines WEEE recycling factories use a wide variety of materials such as machinery equipments include treated crushing, milling, transport, baling, compaction and palletizers.
€ musculoskeletal disorders †manual handling certain items of WEEE, particularly white goods fridge freezers can be heavy, but even some TVs can weigh more than 25 kilograms.
ВЂ repetitive TMS-MS movement to remove the wiring such trades.
And risks of abrasion cuts etc. †use of items such as knives used to remove coatings on antibreak fluorescent lamps, sharp edges on the items they are dismantled, or if broken.
Stacking of articles of WEEE †stability white goods e g batteries no more than three times the height of the size of the basic rule.
Electrical Safety †especially if a renovation element is underway to examine issues of electrical tests.
The risk of fire and explosion †e g hydrocarbons and ammonia in refrigerators and freezers; Polystyrene polystyrene e g can be found in refrigerators freezers as an insulator and is commonly used packaging materials  pentane in polystyrene is flammable; batteries batteries removed WEEE products must be stored in properly labeled containers taking due account of the fire risk they may present.
Waste and recycling of electronic equipment (WEEE), electrical and electronic waste.